00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,690 War has broken out in South Africa and 00:00:02,690 --> 00:00:02,700 War has broken out in South Africa and 00:00:02,700 --> 00:00:04,490 War has broken out in South Africa and British commanders are confident they 00:00:04,490 --> 00:00:04,500 British commanders are confident they 00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:06,470 British commanders are confident they will soon crush the upstart Boer 00:00:06,470 --> 00:00:06,480 will soon crush the upstart Boer 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:08,629 will soon crush the upstart Boer republics who have dared to defy them 00:00:08,629 --> 00:00:08,639 republics who have dared to defy them 00:00:08,639 --> 00:00:11,030 republics who have dared to defy them General White's troops facing boar 00:00:11,030 --> 00:00:11,040 General White's troops facing boar 00:00:11,040 --> 00:00:12,290 General White's troops facing boar positions on The High Ground near 00:00:12,290 --> 00:00:12,300 positions on The High Ground near 00:00:12,300 --> 00:00:14,930 positions on The High Ground near Ladysmith went nervously as British and 00:00:14,930 --> 00:00:14,940 Ladysmith went nervously as British and 00:00:14,940 --> 00:00:17,930 Ladysmith went nervously as British and poor artillery duel overhead but the 00:00:17,930 --> 00:00:17,940 poor artillery duel overhead but the 00:00:17,940 --> 00:00:19,609 poor artillery duel overhead but the neighboring British units have gone 00:00:19,609 --> 00:00:19,619 neighboring British units have gone 00:00:19,619 --> 00:00:22,070 neighboring British units have gone silent and the order comes to retreat 00:00:22,070 --> 00:00:22,080 silent and the order comes to retreat 00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:25,250 silent and the order comes to retreat bore artillery and Riflemen pour fire 00:00:25,250 --> 00:00:25,260 bore artillery and Riflemen pour fire 00:00:25,260 --> 00:00:27,710 bore artillery and Riflemen pour fire onto the exposed British troops and they 00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:27,720 onto the exposed British troops and they 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,070 onto the exposed British troops and they withdraw in panic on this day the Empire 00:00:31,070 --> 00:00:31,080 withdraw in panic on this day the Empire 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:34,250 withdraw in panic on this day the Empire has been defeated but there's a long and 00:00:34,250 --> 00:00:34,260 has been defeated but there's a long and 00:00:34,260 --> 00:00:37,310 has been defeated but there's a long and bloody war ahead it's the second Boer 00:00:37,310 --> 00:00:37,320 bloody war ahead it's the second Boer 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:38,730 bloody war ahead it's the second Boer War 00:00:38,730 --> 00:00:38,740 War 00:00:38,740 --> 00:00:43,209 War [Applause] 00:00:43,209 --> 00:00:43,219 [Applause] 00:00:43,219 --> 00:00:47,180 [Applause] thank you 00:00:47,180 --> 00:00:47,190 00:00:47,190 --> 00:00:50,330 [Music] 00:00:50,330 --> 00:00:50,340 [Music] 00:00:50,340 --> 00:00:52,790 [Music] in the late 19th century conflict was 00:00:52,790 --> 00:00:52,800 in the late 19th century conflict was 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:55,430 in the late 19th century conflict was brewing in southern Africa the Dutch had 00:00:55,430 --> 00:00:55,440 brewing in southern Africa the Dutch had 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:57,229 brewing in southern Africa the Dutch had colonized the region from back in the 00:00:57,229 --> 00:00:57,239 colonized the region from back in the 00:00:57,239 --> 00:00:59,569 colonized the region from back in the mid 17th century and the settlers 00:00:59,569 --> 00:00:59,579 mid 17th century and the settlers 00:00:59,579 --> 00:01:01,729 mid 17th century and the settlers arrived in what became the cape Colony 00:01:01,729 --> 00:01:01,739 arrived in what became the cape Colony 00:01:01,739 --> 00:01:04,910 arrived in what became the cape Colony they call themselves Africanus and spoke 00:01:04,910 --> 00:01:04,920 they call themselves Africanus and spoke 00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:06,830 they call themselves Africanus and spoke their own dialect of Dutch known as 00:01:06,830 --> 00:01:06,840 their own dialect of Dutch known as 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:09,230 their own dialect of Dutch known as Africans but they were often simply 00:01:09,230 --> 00:01:09,240 Africans but they were often simply 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:12,350 Africans but they were often simply known as boers the Dutch word for Farmer 00:01:12,350 --> 00:01:12,360 known as boers the Dutch word for Farmer 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:14,750 known as boers the Dutch word for Farmer most of these settlers Farm plans that 00:01:14,750 --> 00:01:14,760 most of these settlers Farm plans that 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:16,310 most of these settlers Farm plans that They seized from the local native 00:01:16,310 --> 00:01:16,320 They seized from the local native 00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:18,890 They seized from the local native population many of whom the Africanus 00:01:18,890 --> 00:01:18,900 population many of whom the Africanus 00:01:18,900 --> 00:01:22,910 population many of whom the Africanus then enslaved in 1806 Britain captured 00:01:22,910 --> 00:01:22,920 then enslaved in 1806 Britain captured 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:25,670 then enslaved in 1806 Britain captured Cape Town during the Napoleonic Wars and 00:01:25,670 --> 00:01:25,680 Cape Town during the Napoleonic Wars and 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:27,230 Cape Town during the Napoleonic Wars and kept permanent control of the cape 00:01:27,230 --> 00:01:27,240 kept permanent control of the cape 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:30,770 kept permanent control of the cape Colony after 1815. but problems between 00:01:30,770 --> 00:01:30,780 Colony after 1815. but problems between 00:01:30,780 --> 00:01:33,050 Colony after 1815. but problems between the British Administration and the poor 00:01:33,050 --> 00:01:33,060 the British Administration and the poor 00:01:33,060 --> 00:01:35,450 the British Administration and the poor population soon emerged over language 00:01:35,450 --> 00:01:35,460 population soon emerged over language 00:01:35,460 --> 00:01:38,929 population soon emerged over language cultural Outlook and legal systems The 00:01:38,929 --> 00:01:38,939 cultural Outlook and legal systems The 00:01:38,939 --> 00:01:41,210 cultural Outlook and legal systems The Tipping Point came when Britain outlawed 00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:41,220 Tipping Point came when Britain outlawed 00:01:41,220 --> 00:01:45,230 Tipping Point came when Britain outlawed slavery in 1834. this enraged The boers 00:01:45,230 --> 00:01:45,240 slavery in 1834. this enraged The boers 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:47,929 slavery in 1834. this enraged The boers Who relied on slave labor to work their 00:01:47,929 --> 00:01:47,939 Who relied on slave labor to work their 00:01:47,939 --> 00:01:51,950 Who relied on slave labor to work their Farms between 1835 and 1840 the boers 00:01:51,950 --> 00:01:51,960 Farms between 1835 and 1840 the boers 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:54,410 Farms between 1835 and 1840 the boers migrated out of British territory in 00:01:54,410 --> 00:01:54,420 migrated out of British territory in 00:01:54,420 --> 00:01:56,990 migrated out of British territory in what they called the Great Trek to find 00:01:56,990 --> 00:01:57,000 what they called the Great Trek to find 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:59,630 what they called the Great Trek to find new independent homelands in eastern 00:01:59,630 --> 00:01:59,640 new independent homelands in eastern 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:02,330 new independent homelands in eastern South Africa there they founded two new 00:02:02,330 --> 00:02:02,340 South Africa there they founded two new 00:02:02,340 --> 00:02:05,270 South Africa there they founded two new Bora republics the orange free state and 00:02:05,270 --> 00:02:05,280 Bora republics the orange free state and 00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,789 Bora republics the orange free state and the South African Republic work transfal 00:02:07,789 --> 00:02:07,799 the South African Republic work transfal 00:02:07,799 --> 00:02:10,430 the South African Republic work transfal the new bore States maintained some 00:02:10,430 --> 00:02:10,440 the new bore States maintained some 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:12,830 the new bore States maintained some forms of slavery and expropriated their 00:02:12,830 --> 00:02:12,840 forms of slavery and expropriated their 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:14,930 forms of slavery and expropriated their land from native Africans 00:02:14,930 --> 00:02:14,940 land from native Africans 00:02:14,940 --> 00:02:17,210 land from native Africans but the British bore struggle continued 00:02:17,210 --> 00:02:17,220 but the British bore struggle continued 00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:20,210 but the British bore struggle continued the British Empire slowly expanded its 00:02:20,210 --> 00:02:20,220 the British Empire slowly expanded its 00:02:20,220 --> 00:02:22,309 the British Empire slowly expanded its control of South Africa by taking over 00:02:22,309 --> 00:02:22,319 control of South Africa by taking over 00:02:22,319 --> 00:02:24,949 control of South Africa by taking over more native African territories and by 00:02:24,949 --> 00:02:24,959 more native African territories and by 00:02:24,959 --> 00:02:27,710 more native African territories and by the 1840s it shared a border with the 00:02:27,710 --> 00:02:27,720 the 1840s it shared a border with the 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:30,110 the 1840s it shared a border with the Boer republics frequent border 00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:30,120 Boer republics frequent border 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:32,330 Boer republics frequent border skirmishes blew up into the first war 00:02:32,330 --> 00:02:32,340 skirmishes blew up into the first war 00:02:32,340 --> 00:02:36,589 skirmishes blew up into the first war war of 1880 1881. the Poors won the war 00:02:36,589 --> 00:02:36,599 war of 1880 1881. the Poors won the war 00:02:36,599 --> 00:02:38,869 war of 1880 1881. the Poors won the war and forced the British government to 00:02:38,869 --> 00:02:38,879 and forced the British government to 00:02:38,879 --> 00:02:41,630 and forced the British government to formally acknowledge boor Independence 00:02:41,630 --> 00:02:41,640 formally acknowledge boor Independence 00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:44,350 formally acknowledge boor Independence and then came the transphile Gold Rush 00:02:44,350 --> 00:02:44,360 and then came the transphile Gold Rush 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:46,970 and then came the transphile Gold Rush Prospectors discovered enormous gold 00:02:46,970 --> 00:02:46,980 Prospectors discovered enormous gold 00:02:46,980 --> 00:02:50,270 Prospectors discovered enormous gold deposits between 1884 and 1886. 00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:50,280 deposits between 1884 and 1886. 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:52,490 deposits between 1884 and 1886. immigrants from all over the British 00:02:52,490 --> 00:02:52,500 immigrants from all over the British 00:02:52,500 --> 00:02:54,770 immigrants from all over the British Empire flooded to South Africa to seek 00:02:54,770 --> 00:02:54,780 Empire flooded to South Africa to seek 00:02:54,780 --> 00:02:56,869 Empire flooded to South Africa to seek their fortune and the Newfound mineral 00:02:56,869 --> 00:02:56,879 their fortune and the Newfound mineral 00:02:56,879 --> 00:02:59,089 their fortune and the Newfound mineral wealth of transphal Drew the interest of 00:02:59,089 --> 00:02:59,099 wealth of transphal Drew the interest of 00:02:59,099 --> 00:03:01,270 wealth of transphal Drew the interest of British Statesmen and businessmen 00:03:01,270 --> 00:03:01,280 British Statesmen and businessmen 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,009 British Statesmen and businessmen foremost among these was Cape Colony 00:03:04,009 --> 00:03:04,019 foremost among these was Cape Colony 00:03:04,019 --> 00:03:06,530 foremost among these was Cape Colony prime minister and Mining magnate Cecil 00:03:06,530 --> 00:03:06,540 prime minister and Mining magnate Cecil 00:03:06,540 --> 00:03:08,809 prime minister and Mining magnate Cecil Rhodes who led the campaign to bring the 00:03:08,809 --> 00:03:08,819 Rhodes who led the campaign to bring the 00:03:08,819 --> 00:03:11,089 Rhodes who led the campaign to bring the poor republics under British rule to 00:03:11,089 --> 00:03:11,099 poor republics under British rule to 00:03:11,099 --> 00:03:13,250 poor republics under British rule to secure their natural resources for the 00:03:13,250 --> 00:03:13,260 secure their natural resources for the 00:03:13,260 --> 00:03:15,949 secure their natural resources for the Empire but his scheme to overthrow the 00:03:15,949 --> 00:03:15,959 Empire but his scheme to overthrow the 00:03:15,959 --> 00:03:17,809 Empire but his scheme to overthrow the poor governments using a force of 00:03:17,809 --> 00:03:17,819 poor governments using a force of 00:03:17,819 --> 00:03:20,330 poor governments using a force of mercenaries in the Jamison raid of 1895 00:03:20,330 --> 00:03:20,340 mercenaries in the Jamison raid of 1895 00:03:20,340 --> 00:03:23,630 mercenaries in the Jamison raid of 1895 ended in Fiasco and alerted the boers to 00:03:23,630 --> 00:03:23,640 ended in Fiasco and alerted the boers to 00:03:23,640 --> 00:03:26,509 ended in Fiasco and alerted the boers to the threat of British annexation despite 00:03:26,509 --> 00:03:26,519 the threat of British annexation despite 00:03:26,519 --> 00:03:28,670 the threat of British annexation despite the failure of the Jameson raid Britain 00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:28,680 the failure of the Jameson raid Britain 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:30,410 the failure of the Jameson raid Britain relentlessly pressured the Boer 00:03:30,410 --> 00:03:30,420 relentlessly pressured the Boer 00:03:30,420 --> 00:03:32,750 relentlessly pressured the Boer republics to make Territorial and legal 00:03:32,750 --> 00:03:32,760 republics to make Territorial and legal 00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:36,170 republics to make Territorial and legal concessions by 1899 British troops were 00:03:36,170 --> 00:03:36,180 concessions by 1899 British troops were 00:03:36,180 --> 00:03:38,690 concessions by 1899 British troops were massing in their colony of natal and the 00:03:38,690 --> 00:03:38,700 massing in their colony of natal and the 00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:41,570 massing in their colony of natal and the boers feared an invasion was imminent so 00:03:41,570 --> 00:03:41,580 boers feared an invasion was imminent so 00:03:41,580 --> 00:03:43,729 boers feared an invasion was imminent so rather than await the inevitable the 00:03:43,729 --> 00:03:43,739 rather than await the inevitable the 00:03:43,739 --> 00:03:46,430 rather than await the inevitable the boers decided to strike first on October 00:03:46,430 --> 00:03:46,440 boers decided to strike first on October 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:51,949 boers decided to strike first on October 11 1899 the second Boer War began 00:03:51,949 --> 00:03:51,959 11 1899 the second Boer War began 00:03:51,959 --> 00:03:53,930 11 1899 the second Boer War began so The Boar's desire for Independence 00:03:53,930 --> 00:03:53,940 so The Boar's desire for Independence 00:03:53,940 --> 00:03:56,570 so The Boar's desire for Independence and British Imperial expansion had come 00:03:56,570 --> 00:03:56,580 and British Imperial expansion had come 00:03:56,580 --> 00:03:58,369 and British Imperial expansion had come to a head with the outbreak of war in 00:03:58,369 --> 00:03:58,379 to a head with the outbreak of war in 00:03:58,379 --> 00:04:01,070 to a head with the outbreak of war in 1899. so let's take a look at the 00:04:01,070 --> 00:04:01,080 1899. so let's take a look at the 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:03,110 1899. so let's take a look at the fighting forces that each side brought 00:04:03,110 --> 00:04:03,120 fighting forces that each side brought 00:04:03,120 --> 00:04:04,729 fighting forces that each side brought to the battlefield 00:04:04,729 --> 00:04:04,739 to the battlefield 00:04:04,739 --> 00:04:07,070 to the battlefield the boers did not possess a standing 00:04:07,070 --> 00:04:07,080 the boers did not possess a standing 00:04:07,080 --> 00:04:09,470 the boers did not possess a standing army and instead relied on a malicious 00:04:09,470 --> 00:04:09,480 army and instead relied on a malicious 00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:10,309 army and instead relied on a malicious system 00:04:10,309 --> 00:04:10,319 system 00:04:10,319 --> 00:04:12,710 system times of War the government would muster 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:12,720 times of War the government would muster 00:04:12,720 --> 00:04:14,750 times of War the government would muster all able-bodied men between the ages of 00:04:14,750 --> 00:04:14,760 all able-bodied men between the ages of 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:17,990 all able-bodied men between the ages of 16 and 60. citizens were expected to 00:04:17,990 --> 00:04:18,000 16 and 60. citizens were expected to 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,610 16 and 60. citizens were expected to arrive with their own rifle and horse 00:04:19,610 --> 00:04:19,620 arrive with their own rifle and horse 00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:21,530 arrive with their own rifle and horse but the government also bought and 00:04:21,530 --> 00:04:21,540 but the government also bought and 00:04:21,540 --> 00:04:23,570 but the government also bought and distributed thousands of German Mauser 00:04:23,570 --> 00:04:23,580 distributed thousands of German Mauser 00:04:23,580 --> 00:04:25,790 distributed thousands of German Mauser rifles at the start of the war 00:04:25,790 --> 00:04:25,800 rifles at the start of the war 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,950 rifles at the start of the war the boers had no formal military 00:04:27,950 --> 00:04:27,960 the boers had no formal military 00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:29,749 the boers had no formal military training but they were formidable 00:04:29,749 --> 00:04:29,759 training but they were formidable 00:04:29,759 --> 00:04:31,670 training but they were formidable Fighters noted for their excellent 00:04:31,670 --> 00:04:31,680 Fighters noted for their excellent 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:34,670 Fighters noted for their excellent Marksmanship in peacetime poor citizens 00:04:34,670 --> 00:04:34,680 Marksmanship in peacetime poor citizens 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:36,350 Marksmanship in peacetime poor citizens developed their skill by hunting game 00:04:36,350 --> 00:04:36,360 developed their skill by hunting game 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:38,870 developed their skill by hunting game and through target shooting competitions 00:04:38,870 --> 00:04:38,880 and through target shooting competitions 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:41,030 and through target shooting competitions a practice noted by American journalist 00:04:41,030 --> 00:04:41,040 a practice noted by American journalist 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:43,070 a practice noted by American journalist Howard Hillegas 00:04:43,070 --> 00:04:43,080 Howard Hillegas 00:04:43,080 --> 00:04:45,469 Howard Hillegas target shooting was the chief Amusement 00:04:45,469 --> 00:04:45,479 target shooting was the chief Amusement 00:04:45,479 --> 00:04:48,110 target shooting was the chief Amusement in transfal demand for rifle ammunition 00:04:48,110 --> 00:04:48,120 in transfal demand for rifle ammunition 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:50,749 in transfal demand for rifle ammunition was constant and firing at marks May 00:04:50,749 --> 00:04:50,759 was constant and firing at marks May 00:04:50,759 --> 00:04:52,730 was constant and firing at marks May almost be said to have taken the place 00:04:52,730 --> 00:04:52,740 almost be said to have taken the place 00:04:52,740 --> 00:04:56,030 almost be said to have taken the place occupied by billiards in Europe 00:04:56,030 --> 00:04:56,040 occupied by billiards in Europe 00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:58,490 occupied by billiards in Europe every boar fighter was a mounted 00:04:58,490 --> 00:04:58,500 every boar fighter was a mounted 00:04:58,500 --> 00:05:00,650 every boar fighter was a mounted Rifleman they could move quickly and 00:05:00,650 --> 00:05:00,660 Rifleman they could move quickly and 00:05:00,660 --> 00:05:03,350 Rifleman they could move quickly and seize key terrain before dismounting and 00:05:03,350 --> 00:05:03,360 seize key terrain before dismounting and 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:05,650 seize key terrain before dismounting and delivering a hail of accurate rifle fire 00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:05,660 delivering a hail of accurate rifle fire 00:05:05,660 --> 00:05:08,510 delivering a hail of accurate rifle fire decades later Winston Churchill named 00:05:08,510 --> 00:05:08,520 decades later Winston Churchill named 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:10,370 decades later Winston Churchill named Britain's Special Forces after the 00:05:10,370 --> 00:05:10,380 Britain's Special Forces after the 00:05:10,380 --> 00:05:14,150 Britain's Special Forces after the Africana word for military unit Commando 00:05:14,150 --> 00:05:14,160 Africana word for military unit Commando 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:16,370 Africana word for military unit Commando The Riflemen were backed by a small 00:05:16,370 --> 00:05:16,380 The Riflemen were backed by a small 00:05:16,380 --> 00:05:18,530 The Riflemen were backed by a small professional artillery branch which 00:05:18,530 --> 00:05:18,540 professional artillery branch which 00:05:18,540 --> 00:05:20,570 professional artillery branch which deployed a mixture of modern French and 00:05:20,570 --> 00:05:20,580 deployed a mixture of modern French and 00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:23,510 deployed a mixture of modern French and German guns including four 155 00:05:23,510 --> 00:05:23,520 German guns including four 155 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:26,029 German guns including four 155 millimeter kurzo guns which the British 00:05:26,029 --> 00:05:26,039 millimeter kurzo guns which the British 00:05:26,039 --> 00:05:28,010 millimeter kurzo guns which the British nicknamed long Tong 00:05:28,010 --> 00:05:28,020 nicknamed long Tong 00:05:28,020 --> 00:05:30,890 nicknamed long Tong the boers were motivated well-armed and 00:05:30,890 --> 00:05:30,900 the boers were motivated well-armed and 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:32,749 the boers were motivated well-armed and determined to defend their independence 00:05:32,749 --> 00:05:32,759 determined to defend their independence 00:05:32,759 --> 00:05:35,629 determined to defend their independence they had about 60 000 Men available to 00:05:35,629 --> 00:05:35,639 they had about 60 000 Men available to 00:05:35,639 --> 00:05:37,670 they had about 60 000 Men available to fight but their weakness was their 00:05:37,670 --> 00:05:37,680 fight but their weakness was their 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,370 fight but their weakness was their ability to sustain a long War 00:05:40,370 --> 00:05:40,380 ability to sustain a long War 00:05:40,380 --> 00:05:42,710 ability to sustain a long War the boars relied on Military imports 00:05:42,710 --> 00:05:42,720 the boars relied on Military imports 00:05:42,720 --> 00:05:44,990 the boars relied on Military imports from Europe their small population meant 00:05:44,990 --> 00:05:45,000 from Europe their small population meant 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:46,310 from Europe their small population meant that they could not afford a war of 00:05:46,310 --> 00:05:46,320 that they could not afford a war of 00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:48,469 that they could not afford a war of attrition and they feared an African 00:05:48,469 --> 00:05:48,479 attrition and they feared an African 00:05:48,479 --> 00:05:50,749 attrition and they feared an African Uprising ore attack from the Zulu 00:05:50,749 --> 00:05:50,759 Uprising ore attack from the Zulu 00:05:50,759 --> 00:05:53,629 Uprising ore attack from the Zulu Kingdom they had to strike fast and win 00:05:53,629 --> 00:05:53,639 Kingdom they had to strike fast and win 00:05:53,639 --> 00:05:55,730 Kingdom they had to strike fast and win a clear victory 00:05:55,730 --> 00:05:55,740 a clear victory 00:05:55,740 --> 00:05:58,070 a clear victory the British army was immensely 00:05:58,070 --> 00:05:58,080 the British army was immensely 00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:00,650 the British army was immensely experienced in colonial Warfare and with 00:06:00,650 --> 00:06:00,660 experienced in colonial Warfare and with 00:06:00,660 --> 00:06:04,129 experienced in colonial Warfare and with 250 000 troops it could field more men 00:06:04,129 --> 00:06:04,139 250 000 troops it could field more men 00:06:04,139 --> 00:06:06,469 250 000 troops it could field more men than the Africanus one of them in fact 00:06:06,469 --> 00:06:06,479 than the Africanus one of them in fact 00:06:06,479 --> 00:06:08,810 than the Africanus one of them in fact would be my great grandfather 00:06:08,810 --> 00:06:08,820 would be my great grandfather 00:06:08,820 --> 00:06:12,469 would be my great grandfather the second Boer War would be the 226th 00:06:12,469 --> 00:06:12,479 the second Boer War would be the 226th 00:06:12,479 --> 00:06:15,350 the second Boer War would be the 226th out of 230 wars fought during the reign 00:06:15,350 --> 00:06:15,360 out of 230 wars fought during the reign 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:16,730 out of 230 wars fought during the reign of Queen Victoria 00:06:16,730 --> 00:06:16,740 of Queen Victoria 00:06:16,740 --> 00:06:18,710 of Queen Victoria the British won nearly all these 00:06:18,710 --> 00:06:18,720 the British won nearly all these 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:20,270 the British won nearly all these conflicts thanks to the Army's 00:06:20,270 --> 00:06:20,280 conflicts thanks to the Army's 00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:22,370 conflicts thanks to the Army's advantages in discipline and technology 00:06:22,370 --> 00:06:22,380 advantages in discipline and technology 00:06:22,380 --> 00:06:24,650 advantages in discipline and technology and tactics based on close formations 00:06:24,650 --> 00:06:24,660 and tactics based on close formations 00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:26,809 and tactics based on close formations and crushing fire 00:06:26,809 --> 00:06:26,819 and crushing fire 00:06:26,819 --> 00:06:28,969 and crushing fire but the Army had very little experience 00:06:28,969 --> 00:06:28,979 but the Army had very little experience 00:06:28,979 --> 00:06:31,670 but the Army had very little experience of facing modern Firepower since the 00:06:31,670 --> 00:06:31,680 of facing modern Firepower since the 00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:33,830 of facing modern Firepower since the colonial enemies it had defeated fielded 00:06:33,830 --> 00:06:33,840 colonial enemies it had defeated fielded 00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:35,210 colonial enemies it had defeated fielded little more than a handful of 00:06:35,210 --> 00:06:35,220 little more than a handful of 00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:38,210 little more than a handful of second-hand rifles Imperial troops would 00:06:38,210 --> 00:06:38,220 second-hand rifles Imperial troops would 00:06:38,220 --> 00:06:40,610 second-hand rifles Imperial troops would face an unpleasant surprise under Boer 00:06:40,610 --> 00:06:40,620 face an unpleasant surprise under Boer 00:06:40,620 --> 00:06:43,610 face an unpleasant surprise under Boer rifle and artillery fire still the 00:06:43,610 --> 00:06:43,620 rifle and artillery fire still the 00:06:43,620 --> 00:06:45,110 rifle and artillery fire still the British Army in South Africa was 00:06:45,110 --> 00:06:45,120 British Army in South Africa was 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:47,210 British Army in South Africa was confident and seemed to have forgotten 00:06:47,210 --> 00:06:47,220 confident and seemed to have forgotten 00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:49,689 confident and seemed to have forgotten its defeat at the hands of the boers in 00:06:49,689 --> 00:06:49,699 its defeat at the hands of the boers in 00:06:49,699 --> 00:06:52,249 its defeat at the hands of the boers in 1880-81. British military thinkers 00:06:52,249 --> 00:06:52,259 1880-81. British military thinkers 00:06:52,259 --> 00:06:54,290 1880-81. British military thinkers reckoned Victory would be Swift and 00:06:54,290 --> 00:06:54,300 reckoned Victory would be Swift and 00:06:54,300 --> 00:06:56,870 reckoned Victory would be Swift and decisive against a fragile boar Force 00:06:56,870 --> 00:06:56,880 decisive against a fragile boar Force 00:06:56,880 --> 00:06:58,909 decisive against a fragile boar Force lacking in discipline 00:06:58,909 --> 00:06:58,919 lacking in discipline 00:06:58,919 --> 00:07:01,490 lacking in discipline native black Africans also played a role 00:07:01,490 --> 00:07:01,500 native black Africans also played a role 00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:03,710 native black Africans also played a role in the war officially both sides 00:07:03,710 --> 00:07:03,720 in the war officially both sides 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:05,450 in the war officially both sides declared that the conflict was a quote 00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:05,460 declared that the conflict was a quote 00:07:05,460 --> 00:07:07,909 declared that the conflict was a quote white man's war and that the neutrality 00:07:07,909 --> 00:07:07,919 white man's war and that the neutrality 00:07:07,919 --> 00:07:10,610 white man's war and that the neutrality of black Africans would be respected in 00:07:10,610 --> 00:07:10,620 of black Africans would be respected in 00:07:10,620 --> 00:07:12,710 of black Africans would be respected in reality black Africans performed a 00:07:12,710 --> 00:07:12,720 reality black Africans performed a 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:14,930 reality black Africans performed a variety of roles for both belligerents 00:07:14,930 --> 00:07:14,940 variety of roles for both belligerents 00:07:14,940 --> 00:07:17,809 variety of roles for both belligerents the boers use African forced labor to 00:07:17,809 --> 00:07:17,819 the boers use African forced labor to 00:07:17,819 --> 00:07:20,089 the boers use African forced labor to provide transport and dig trenches while 00:07:20,089 --> 00:07:20,099 provide transport and dig trenches while 00:07:20,099 --> 00:07:22,010 provide transport and dig trenches while the British hired thousands of Africans 00:07:22,010 --> 00:07:22,020 the British hired thousands of Africans 00:07:22,020 --> 00:07:24,170 the British hired thousands of Africans for logistic work as well as native 00:07:24,170 --> 00:07:24,180 for logistic work as well as native 00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:26,390 for logistic work as well as native Scouts and trackers some of whom fought 00:07:26,390 --> 00:07:26,400 Scouts and trackers some of whom fought 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:28,129 Scouts and trackers some of whom fought in uniform 00:07:28,129 --> 00:07:28,139 in uniform 00:07:28,139 --> 00:07:30,350 in uniform the poor militias and the British army 00:07:30,350 --> 00:07:30,360 the poor militias and the British army 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:32,809 the poor militias and the British army were set to clash and when war broke out 00:07:32,809 --> 00:07:32,819 were set to clash and when war broke out 00:07:32,819 --> 00:07:35,749 were set to clash and when war broke out in October 1899 the boers tried to make 00:07:35,749 --> 00:07:35,759 in October 1899 the boers tried to make 00:07:35,759 --> 00:07:38,689 in October 1899 the boers tried to make the most of their window of opportunity 00:07:38,689 --> 00:07:38,699 the most of their window of opportunity 00:07:38,699 --> 00:07:40,430 the most of their window of opportunity at the start of the war the boers 00:07:40,430 --> 00:07:40,440 at the start of the war the boers 00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:42,230 at the start of the war the boers outnumbered British forces in South 00:07:42,230 --> 00:07:42,240 outnumbered British forces in South 00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:45,710 outnumbered British forces in South Africa 40 000 to 20 000. since the 00:07:45,710 --> 00:07:45,720 Africa 40 000 to 20 000. since the 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:47,629 Africa 40 000 to 20 000. since the British were sure to send reinforcements 00:07:47,629 --> 00:07:47,639 British were sure to send reinforcements 00:07:47,639 --> 00:07:50,270 British were sure to send reinforcements the poor plan emphasized speed and 00:07:50,270 --> 00:07:50,280 the poor plan emphasized speed and 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:52,490 the poor plan emphasized speed and aggression they would sweep into South 00:07:52,490 --> 00:07:52,500 aggression they would sweep into South 00:07:52,500 --> 00:07:54,830 aggression they would sweep into South Africa and crush the British garrisons 00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:54,840 Africa and crush the British garrisons 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:57,230 Africa and crush the British garrisons before fresh troops arrived from the 00:07:57,230 --> 00:07:57,240 before fresh troops arrived from the 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:58,490 before fresh troops arrived from the United Kingdom 00:07:58,490 --> 00:07:58,500 United Kingdom 00:07:58,500 --> 00:08:01,850 United Kingdom the boor Invasion had four main axes in 00:08:01,850 --> 00:08:01,860 the boor Invasion had four main axes in 00:08:01,860 --> 00:08:03,890 the boor Invasion had four main axes in the west poor forces besieged the 00:08:03,890 --> 00:08:03,900 the west poor forces besieged the 00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:06,170 the west poor forces besieged the railway town of mafiking to prevent 00:08:06,170 --> 00:08:06,180 railway town of mafiking to prevent 00:08:06,180 --> 00:08:07,790 railway town of mafiking to prevent British forces advancing from the 00:08:07,790 --> 00:08:07,800 British forces advancing from the 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:09,890 British forces advancing from the direction of bichwana land in the 00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:09,900 direction of bichwana land in the 00:08:09,900 --> 00:08:11,870 direction of bichwana land in the southwest the bores surrounded the 00:08:11,870 --> 00:08:11,880 southwest the bores surrounded the 00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:14,150 southwest the bores surrounded the diamond mining Center of Kimberly and in 00:08:14,150 --> 00:08:14,160 diamond mining Center of Kimberly and in 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:16,370 diamond mining Center of Kimberly and in the South poor forces Advanced into the 00:08:16,370 --> 00:08:16,380 the South poor forces Advanced into the 00:08:16,380 --> 00:08:18,770 the South poor forces Advanced into the cape Midland region to disrupt British 00:08:18,770 --> 00:08:18,780 cape Midland region to disrupt British 00:08:18,780 --> 00:08:21,529 cape Midland region to disrupt British Rail transport the main boar offensive 00:08:21,529 --> 00:08:21,539 Rail transport the main boar offensive 00:08:21,539 --> 00:08:24,469 Rail transport the main boar offensive though drove into natal the British had 00:08:24,469 --> 00:08:24,479 though drove into natal the British had 00:08:24,479 --> 00:08:26,629 though drove into natal the British had most of their army here some fifteen 00:08:26,629 --> 00:08:26,639 most of their army here some fifteen 00:08:26,639 --> 00:08:28,850 most of their army here some fifteen thousand men and had planned to use the 00:08:28,850 --> 00:08:28,860 thousand men and had planned to use the 00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:31,189 thousand men and had planned to use the colony as a base to invade Boer 00:08:31,189 --> 00:08:31,199 colony as a base to invade Boer 00:08:31,199 --> 00:08:33,529 colony as a base to invade Boer territory until the boers beat them to 00:08:33,529 --> 00:08:33,539 territory until the boers beat them to 00:08:33,539 --> 00:08:35,870 territory until the boers beat them to it but British forces were poorly 00:08:35,870 --> 00:08:35,880 it but British forces were poorly 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:37,610 it but British forces were poorly deployed and Lieutenant General William 00:08:37,610 --> 00:08:37,620 deployed and Lieutenant General William 00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:39,529 deployed and Lieutenant General William Penn Simon's four thousand strong 00:08:39,529 --> 00:08:39,539 Penn Simon's four thousand strong 00:08:39,539 --> 00:08:42,050 Penn Simon's four thousand strong Detachment bore the brunt of the boor 00:08:42,050 --> 00:08:42,060 Detachment bore the brunt of the boor 00:08:42,060 --> 00:08:45,889 Detachment bore the brunt of the boor attack on October 20th 1899 the first 00:08:45,889 --> 00:08:45,899 attack on October 20th 1899 the first 00:08:45,899 --> 00:08:48,110 attack on October 20th 1899 the first pitch Battle of the war took place as 00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:48,120 pitch Battle of the war took place as 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:49,910 pitch Battle of the war took place as the boers got their artillery onto 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:49,920 the boers got their artillery onto 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:52,550 the boers got their artillery onto talana Hill and bombarded Simon's Camp 00:08:52,550 --> 00:08:52,560 talana Hill and bombarded Simon's Camp 00:08:52,560 --> 00:08:55,130 talana Hill and bombarded Simon's Camp below the British were surprised but 00:08:55,130 --> 00:08:55,140 below the British were surprised but 00:08:55,140 --> 00:08:56,930 below the British were surprised but they quickly rallied and launched an 00:08:56,930 --> 00:08:56,940 they quickly rallied and launched an 00:08:56,940 --> 00:08:58,490 they quickly rallied and launched an assault that drove the boers from the 00:08:58,490 --> 00:08:58,500 assault that drove the boers from the 00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:01,610 assault that drove the boers from the High Ground the attack was a costly 00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:01,620 High Ground the attack was a costly 00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:04,670 High Ground the attack was a costly success Simons was mortally wounded and 00:09:04,670 --> 00:09:04,680 success Simons was mortally wounded and 00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:06,290 success Simons was mortally wounded and 10 percent of his Force became 00:09:06,290 --> 00:09:06,300 10 percent of his Force became 00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:08,810 10 percent of his Force became casualties the nature of the fighting 00:09:08,810 --> 00:09:08,820 casualties the nature of the fighting 00:09:08,820 --> 00:09:11,210 casualties the nature of the fighting surprised even veteran British officers 00:09:11,210 --> 00:09:11,220 surprised even veteran British officers 00:09:11,220 --> 00:09:13,610 surprised even veteran British officers like Captain Nugent of the first King's 00:09:13,610 --> 00:09:13,620 like Captain Nugent of the first King's 00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:15,410 like Captain Nugent of the first King's Royal rifle Corps 00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:15,420 Royal rifle Corps 00:09:15,420 --> 00:09:17,570 Royal rifle Corps the ground in front of me was literally 00:09:17,570 --> 00:09:17,580 the ground in front of me was literally 00:09:17,580 --> 00:09:20,509 the ground in front of me was literally rising in dust from the bullets and the 00:09:20,509 --> 00:09:20,519 rising in dust from the bullets and the 00:09:20,519 --> 00:09:22,430 rising in dust from the bullets and the din echoing between the hill and the 00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:22,440 din echoing between the hill and the 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:24,829 din echoing between the hill and the wood below and among the rocks from the 00:09:24,829 --> 00:09:24,839 wood below and among the rocks from the 00:09:24,839 --> 00:09:27,530 wood below and among the rocks from the incessant fire of the Mausers seemed to 00:09:27,530 --> 00:09:27,540 incessant fire of the Mausers seemed to 00:09:27,540 --> 00:09:30,850 incessant fire of the Mausers seemed to blend with every other sound into a long 00:09:30,850 --> 00:09:30,860 blend with every other sound into a long 00:09:30,860 --> 00:09:34,490 blend with every other sound into a long drawn-out hideous Roar I looked round 00:09:34,490 --> 00:09:34,500 drawn-out hideous Roar I looked round 00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:37,250 drawn-out hideous Roar I looked round over my shoulder the whole ground we had 00:09:37,250 --> 00:09:37,260 over my shoulder the whole ground we had 00:09:37,260 --> 00:09:39,710 over my shoulder the whole ground we had already covered was strewn with bodies 00:09:39,710 --> 00:09:39,720 already covered was strewn with bodies 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:42,230 already covered was strewn with bodies at that moment I was hit through the 00:09:42,230 --> 00:09:42,240 at that moment I was hit through the 00:09:42,240 --> 00:09:45,050 at that moment I was hit through the knee the actual shock was as if someone 00:09:45,050 --> 00:09:45,060 knee the actual shock was as if someone 00:09:45,060 --> 00:09:47,150 knee the actual shock was as if someone had hit me with their whole strength 00:09:47,150 --> 00:09:47,160 had hit me with their whole strength 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:48,410 had hit me with their whole strength with a club 00:09:48,410 --> 00:09:48,420 with a club 00:09:48,420 --> 00:09:51,230 with a club I spun round and fell my pistol flying 00:09:51,230 --> 00:09:51,240 I spun round and fell my pistol flying 00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:53,990 I spun round and fell my pistol flying one way and helmet another 00:09:53,990 --> 00:09:54,000 one way and helmet another 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,750 one way and helmet another despite the victory at talana Hill the 00:09:56,750 --> 00:09:56,760 despite the victory at talana Hill the 00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,150 despite the victory at talana Hill the British were in danger mobile boar 00:09:59,150 --> 00:09:59,160 British were in danger mobile boar 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:01,009 British were in danger mobile boar columns threatened to surround the 00:10:01,009 --> 00:10:01,019 columns threatened to surround the 00:10:01,019 --> 00:10:03,470 columns threatened to surround the isolated Force which endured a harrowing 00:10:03,470 --> 00:10:03,480 isolated Force which endured a harrowing 00:10:03,480 --> 00:10:05,269 isolated Force which endured a harrowing Retreat to join the main British 00:10:05,269 --> 00:10:05,279 Retreat to join the main British 00:10:05,279 --> 00:10:08,210 Retreat to join the main British Garrison at Ladysmith British forces 00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:08,220 Garrison at Ladysmith British forces 00:10:08,220 --> 00:10:10,070 Garrison at Ladysmith British forces moved North to clear the retreat route 00:10:10,070 --> 00:10:10,080 moved North to clear the retreat route 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:12,829 moved North to clear the retreat route and on October 21st a British column 00:10:12,829 --> 00:10:12,839 and on October 21st a British column 00:10:12,839 --> 00:10:15,110 and on October 21st a British column struck advancing bores at the Battle of 00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:15,120 struck advancing bores at the Battle of 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:17,630 struck advancing bores at the Battle of elan's lachten a skillful British 00:10:17,630 --> 00:10:17,640 elan's lachten a skillful British 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:19,970 elan's lachten a skillful British combined arms attack drove the boars 00:10:19,970 --> 00:10:19,980 combined arms attack drove the boars 00:10:19,980 --> 00:10:21,829 combined arms attack drove the boars from their positions before British 00:10:21,829 --> 00:10:21,839 from their positions before British 00:10:21,839 --> 00:10:24,050 from their positions before British Cavalry swept in from the flank and 00:10:24,050 --> 00:10:24,060 Cavalry swept in from the flank and 00:10:24,060 --> 00:10:25,430 Cavalry swept in from the flank and completed the route 00:10:25,430 --> 00:10:25,440 completed the route 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:27,590 completed the route yet the boar Advance into natal 00:10:27,590 --> 00:10:27,600 yet the boar Advance into natal 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:30,350 yet the boar Advance into natal continued by the end of October British 00:10:30,350 --> 00:10:30,360 continued by the end of October British 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:32,509 continued by the end of October British commander George White had two options 00:10:32,509 --> 00:10:32,519 commander George White had two options 00:10:32,519 --> 00:10:35,210 commander George White had two options he could withdraw to the South and wait 00:10:35,210 --> 00:10:35,220 he could withdraw to the South and wait 00:10:35,220 --> 00:10:37,370 he could withdraw to the South and wait for reinforcements from Britain this 00:10:37,370 --> 00:10:37,380 for reinforcements from Britain this 00:10:37,380 --> 00:10:39,230 for reinforcements from Britain this would preserve his army but would cause 00:10:39,230 --> 00:10:39,240 would preserve his army but would cause 00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:41,449 would preserve his army but would cause political problems if public opinions 00:10:41,449 --> 00:10:41,459 political problems if public opinions 00:10:41,459 --> 00:10:44,630 political problems if public opinions saw it as too passive or he could attack 00:10:44,630 --> 00:10:44,640 saw it as too passive or he could attack 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:47,210 saw it as too passive or he could attack the boers and try for a decisive Victory 00:10:47,210 --> 00:10:47,220 the boers and try for a decisive Victory 00:10:47,220 --> 00:10:50,090 the boers and try for a decisive Victory to defeat The Invasion this might turn 00:10:50,090 --> 00:10:50,100 to defeat The Invasion this might turn 00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:52,550 to defeat The Invasion this might turn the tide of the war but it also ran the 00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:52,560 the tide of the war but it also ran the 00:10:52,560 --> 00:10:55,970 the tide of the war but it also ran the risk of a disastrous defeat white chose 00:10:55,970 --> 00:10:55,980 risk of a disastrous defeat white chose 00:10:55,980 --> 00:10:59,090 risk of a disastrous defeat white chose to gamble on October 30th he threw his 00:10:59,090 --> 00:10:59,100 to gamble on October 30th he threw his 00:10:59,100 --> 00:11:01,069 to gamble on October 30th he threw his forces into action at the Battle of 00:11:01,069 --> 00:11:01,079 forces into action at the Battle of 00:11:01,079 --> 00:11:03,949 forces into action at the Battle of Ladysmith but British attacks were badly 00:11:03,949 --> 00:11:03,959 Ladysmith but British attacks were badly 00:11:03,959 --> 00:11:06,230 Ladysmith but British attacks were badly coordinated and the boers won a 00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:06,240 coordinated and the boers won a 00:11:06,240 --> 00:11:08,750 coordinated and the boers won a significant Victory white retreated to 00:11:08,750 --> 00:11:08,760 significant Victory white retreated to 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:11,329 significant Victory white retreated to Ladysmith and the boers laid Siege to 00:11:11,329 --> 00:11:11,339 Ladysmith and the boers laid Siege to 00:11:11,339 --> 00:11:12,769 Ladysmith and the boers laid Siege to the town 00:11:12,769 --> 00:11:12,779 the town 00:11:12,779 --> 00:11:15,110 the town the opening weeks of the war had been a 00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:15,120 the opening weeks of the war had been a 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:17,210 the opening weeks of the war had been a success story for the boers they had 00:11:17,210 --> 00:11:17,220 success story for the boers they had 00:11:17,220 --> 00:11:19,009 success story for the boers they had defeated Britain's Main Army in South 00:11:19,009 --> 00:11:19,019 defeated Britain's Main Army in South 00:11:19,019 --> 00:11:21,710 defeated Britain's Main Army in South Africa and trapped it in Ladysmith if 00:11:21,710 --> 00:11:21,720 Africa and trapped it in Ladysmith if 00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:24,230 Africa and trapped it in Ladysmith if the town were to fall the boers might 00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:24,240 the town were to fall the boers might 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:25,970 the town were to fall the boers might just win the war 00:11:25,970 --> 00:11:25,980 just win the war 00:11:25,980 --> 00:11:29,329 just win the war in November 1899 a fresh British Army 00:11:29,329 --> 00:11:29,339 in November 1899 a fresh British Army 00:11:29,339 --> 00:11:31,910 in November 1899 a fresh British Army was on its way to help relieve besieged 00:11:31,910 --> 00:11:31,920 was on its way to help relieve besieged 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:35,329 was on its way to help relieve besieged Imperial troops in Ladysmith its 45 000 00:11:35,329 --> 00:11:35,339 Imperial troops in Ladysmith its 45 000 00:11:35,339 --> 00:11:37,550 Imperial troops in Ladysmith its 45 000 men had left the UK at the start of the 00:11:37,550 --> 00:11:37,560 men had left the UK at the start of the 00:11:37,560 --> 00:11:39,889 men had left the UK at the start of the war under the command of General Red vs 00:11:39,889 --> 00:11:39,899 war under the command of General Red vs 00:11:39,899 --> 00:11:42,170 war under the command of General Red vs Buller Buller had planned to link up 00:11:42,170 --> 00:11:42,180 Buller Buller had planned to link up 00:11:42,180 --> 00:11:44,329 Buller Buller had planned to link up with White's force and invade the boor 00:11:44,329 --> 00:11:44,339 with White's force and invade the boor 00:11:44,339 --> 00:11:46,370 with White's force and invade the boor republics but the boar Siege of 00:11:46,370 --> 00:11:46,380 republics but the boar Siege of 00:11:46,380 --> 00:11:48,650 republics but the boar Siege of Ladysmith forced him to scrap the idea 00:11:48,650 --> 00:11:48,660 Ladysmith forced him to scrap the idea 00:11:48,660 --> 00:11:51,970 Ladysmith forced him to scrap the idea instead Buller split his force in three 00:11:51,970 --> 00:11:51,980 instead Buller split his force in three 00:11:51,980 --> 00:11:54,410 instead Buller split his force in three fifteen thousand men would head West to 00:11:54,410 --> 00:11:54,420 fifteen thousand men would head West to 00:11:54,420 --> 00:11:56,630 fifteen thousand men would head West to relieve Kimberly five thousand troops 00:11:56,630 --> 00:11:56,640 relieve Kimberly five thousand troops 00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:58,970 relieve Kimberly five thousand troops would secure the cape Midland area and 00:11:58,970 --> 00:11:58,980 would secure the cape Midland area and 00:11:58,980 --> 00:12:01,190 would secure the cape Midland area and puller himself would lead 20 000 men 00:12:01,190 --> 00:12:01,200 puller himself would lead 20 000 men 00:12:01,200 --> 00:12:03,650 puller himself would lead 20 000 men into natal and break the siege of 00:12:03,650 --> 00:12:03,660 into natal and break the siege of 00:12:03,660 --> 00:12:05,870 into natal and break the siege of Ladysmith and the British were in a 00:12:05,870 --> 00:12:05,880 Ladysmith and the British were in a 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:07,730 Ladysmith and the British were in a hurry to rescue the garrisons since 00:12:07,730 --> 00:12:07,740 hurry to rescue the garrisons since 00:12:07,740 --> 00:12:09,889 hurry to rescue the garrisons since Buller could not be sure how long they 00:12:09,889 --> 00:12:09,899 Buller could not be sure how long they 00:12:09,899 --> 00:12:12,230 Buller could not be sure how long they could actually hold out 00:12:12,230 --> 00:12:12,240 could actually hold out 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:14,210 could actually hold out since the British had to operate along 00:12:14,210 --> 00:12:14,220 since the British had to operate along 00:12:14,220 --> 00:12:16,250 since the British had to operate along the railway lines surprise was 00:12:16,250 --> 00:12:16,260 the railway lines surprise was 00:12:16,260 --> 00:12:18,889 the railway lines surprise was impossible the boers had time to prepare 00:12:18,889 --> 00:12:18,899 impossible the boers had time to prepare 00:12:18,899 --> 00:12:21,410 impossible the boers had time to prepare defensive positions and were ready and 00:12:21,410 --> 00:12:21,420 defensive positions and were ready and 00:12:21,420 --> 00:12:24,170 defensive positions and were ready and waiting on December 10th British troops 00:12:24,170 --> 00:12:24,180 waiting on December 10th British troops 00:12:24,180 --> 00:12:26,090 waiting on December 10th British troops in the cape Midlands attempted a 00:12:26,090 --> 00:12:26,100 in the cape Midlands attempted a 00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:28,490 in the cape Midlands attempted a complicated night march to surprise the 00:12:28,490 --> 00:12:28,500 complicated night march to surprise the 00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:30,949 complicated night march to surprise the boers at dawn but the British column got 00:12:30,949 --> 00:12:30,959 boers at dawn but the British column got 00:12:30,959 --> 00:12:33,350 boers at dawn but the British column got lost in the dark and when Dawn broke 00:12:33,350 --> 00:12:33,360 lost in the dark and when Dawn broke 00:12:33,360 --> 00:12:35,329 lost in the dark and when Dawn broke they found themselves in the middle of 00:12:35,329 --> 00:12:35,339 they found themselves in the middle of 00:12:35,339 --> 00:12:37,610 they found themselves in the middle of the poor position rather than on its 00:12:37,610 --> 00:12:37,620 the poor position rather than on its 00:12:37,620 --> 00:12:40,130 the poor position rather than on its flank the desperate British launched a 00:12:40,130 --> 00:12:40,140 flank the desperate British launched a 00:12:40,140 --> 00:12:42,410 flank the desperate British launched a doomed frontal assault and bore a 00:12:42,410 --> 00:12:42,420 doomed frontal assault and bore a 00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:44,690 doomed frontal assault and bore a Rifleman mowed them down and won the 00:12:44,690 --> 00:12:44,700 Rifleman mowed them down and won the 00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:46,310 Rifleman mowed them down and won the battle of stormberg 00:12:46,310 --> 00:12:46,320 battle of stormberg 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:49,069 battle of stormberg on the road to Kimberly Lord Methuen at 00:12:49,069 --> 00:12:49,079 on the road to Kimberly Lord Methuen at 00:12:49,079 --> 00:12:51,230 on the road to Kimberly Lord Methuen at first drove the boers back but the 00:12:51,230 --> 00:12:51,240 first drove the boers back but the 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:53,090 first drove the boers back but the tables turned at the Battle of Maher's 00:12:53,090 --> 00:12:53,100 tables turned at the Battle of Maher's 00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:56,150 tables turned at the Battle of Maher's Fontaine on December 11th once again the 00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:56,160 Fontaine on December 11th once again the 00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:58,190 Fontaine on December 11th once again the British wanted to move up at night but 00:12:58,190 --> 00:12:58,200 British wanted to move up at night but 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:00,230 British wanted to move up at night but they were slowed by a thunderstorm and 00:13:00,230 --> 00:13:00,240 they were slowed by a thunderstorm and 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:02,990 they were slowed by a thunderstorm and were struck in the open at Sunrise the 00:13:02,990 --> 00:13:03,000 were struck in the open at Sunrise the 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:05,329 were struck in the open at Sunrise the boars pinned Them Down Under Fire and 00:13:05,329 --> 00:13:05,339 boars pinned Them Down Under Fire and 00:13:05,339 --> 00:13:08,030 boars pinned Them Down Under Fire and the British retreated in disorder on 00:13:08,030 --> 00:13:08,040 the British retreated in disorder on 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:10,250 the British retreated in disorder on December 15th buller's Main Army 00:13:10,250 --> 00:13:10,260 December 15th buller's Main Army 00:13:10,260 --> 00:13:12,590 December 15th buller's Main Army attacked boar positions on the tugaila 00:13:12,590 --> 00:13:12,600 attacked boar positions on the tugaila 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,110 attacked boar positions on the tugaila River on the way to Ladysmith British 00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:15,120 River on the way to Ladysmith British 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:17,690 River on the way to Ladysmith British artillery moved too far forward and the 00:13:17,690 --> 00:13:17,700 artillery moved too far forward and the 00:13:17,700 --> 00:13:19,970 artillery moved too far forward and the boars quickly knocked out two batteries 00:13:19,970 --> 00:13:19,980 boars quickly knocked out two batteries 00:13:19,980 --> 00:13:22,550 boars quickly knocked out two batteries the British infantry assault fared no 00:13:22,550 --> 00:13:22,560 the British infantry assault fared no 00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,590 the British infantry assault fared no better and as they advanced in close 00:13:24,590 --> 00:13:24,600 better and as they advanced in close 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,110 better and as they advanced in close order boar Fighters ambushed them and 00:13:27,110 --> 00:13:27,120 order boar Fighters ambushed them and 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,389 order boar Fighters ambushed them and blasted the Imperial troops from three 00:13:29,389 --> 00:13:29,399 blasted the Imperial troops from three 00:13:29,399 --> 00:13:30,829 blasted the Imperial troops from three sides 00:13:30,829 --> 00:13:30,839 sides 00:13:30,839 --> 00:13:33,170 sides eighteen-year-old boor fighter denies 00:13:33,170 --> 00:13:33,180 eighteen-year-old boor fighter denies 00:13:33,180 --> 00:13:35,269 eighteen-year-old boor fighter denies writes who later served in the British 00:13:35,269 --> 00:13:35,279 writes who later served in the British 00:13:35,279 --> 00:13:37,310 writes who later served in the British Army in World War One recalled the 00:13:37,310 --> 00:13:37,320 Army in World War One recalled the 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:38,389 Army in World War One recalled the battle 00:13:38,389 --> 00:13:38,399 battle 00:13:38,399 --> 00:13:40,310 battle we heard a British voice call out 00:13:40,310 --> 00:13:40,320 we heard a British voice call out 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:43,190 we heard a British voice call out bayonets bayonets and they came at us 00:13:43,190 --> 00:13:43,200 bayonets bayonets and they came at us 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,949 bayonets bayonets and they came at us like a wall we poured volley after 00:13:45,949 --> 00:13:45,959 like a wall we poured volley after 00:13:45,959 --> 00:13:48,170 like a wall we poured volley after volley into their closely packed ranks 00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:48,180 volley into their closely packed ranks 00:13:48,180 --> 00:13:50,990 volley into their closely packed ranks we delivered such a volume of fire that 00:13:50,990 --> 00:13:51,000 we delivered such a volume of fire that 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,509 we delivered such a volume of fire that the column swerved away to the left 00:13:53,509 --> 00:13:53,519 the column swerved away to the left 00:13:53,519 --> 00:13:56,329 the column swerved away to the left any soldier who got amongst us was shot 00:13:56,329 --> 00:13:56,339 any soldier who got amongst us was shot 00:13:56,339 --> 00:13:58,550 any soldier who got amongst us was shot or made prisoner 00:13:58,550 --> 00:13:58,560 or made prisoner 00:13:58,560 --> 00:14:01,129 or made prisoner by mid-morning the Battle of kalenso was 00:14:01,129 --> 00:14:01,139 by mid-morning the Battle of kalenso was 00:14:01,139 --> 00:14:03,650 by mid-morning the Battle of kalenso was over the British suffered over 1 000 00:14:03,650 --> 00:14:03,660 over the British suffered over 1 000 00:14:03,660 --> 00:14:06,530 over the British suffered over 1 000 casualties and lost 10 field guns while 00:14:06,530 --> 00:14:06,540 casualties and lost 10 field guns while 00:14:06,540 --> 00:14:09,110 casualties and lost 10 field guns while only 38 poor Fighters were killed or 00:14:09,110 --> 00:14:09,120 only 38 poor Fighters were killed or 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:12,230 only 38 poor Fighters were killed or wounded in just one week the boers had 00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:12,240 wounded in just one week the boers had 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:14,449 wounded in just one week the boers had defeated the mighty British Empire three 00:14:14,449 --> 00:14:14,459 defeated the mighty British Empire three 00:14:14,459 --> 00:14:17,569 defeated the mighty British Empire three times stunning UK public opinion and 00:14:17,569 --> 00:14:17,579 times stunning UK public opinion and 00:14:17,579 --> 00:14:20,210 times stunning UK public opinion and causing the Times newspaper to refer to 00:14:20,210 --> 00:14:20,220 causing the Times newspaper to refer to 00:14:20,220 --> 00:14:21,949 causing the Times newspaper to refer to the black week 00:14:21,949 --> 00:14:21,959 the black week 00:14:21,959 --> 00:14:25,129 the black week by Christmas 1899 many in the Boer 00:14:25,129 --> 00:14:25,139 by Christmas 1899 many in the Boer 00:14:25,139 --> 00:14:27,110 by Christmas 1899 many in the Boer republics thought that the war was all 00:14:27,110 --> 00:14:27,120 republics thought that the war was all 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:29,750 republics thought that the war was all but won even though the sieges continued 00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:29,760 but won even though the sieges continued 00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:32,150 but won even though the sieges continued but the shock and humiliation of the 00:14:32,150 --> 00:14:32,160 but the shock and humiliation of the 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:34,550 but the shock and humiliation of the black weak had galvanized the Imperial 00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:34,560 black weak had galvanized the Imperial 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,310 black weak had galvanized the Imperial government in London after a string of 00:14:37,310 --> 00:14:37,320 government in London after a string of 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:40,550 government in London after a string of defeats in December 1899 London sent its 00:14:40,550 --> 00:14:40,560 defeats in December 1899 London sent its 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,189 defeats in December 1899 London sent its most famous Soldier to South Africa Lord 00:14:43,189 --> 00:14:43,199 most famous Soldier to South Africa Lord 00:14:43,199 --> 00:14:46,490 most famous Soldier to South Africa Lord Roberts arrived in January 1900 along 00:14:46,490 --> 00:14:46,500 Roberts arrived in January 1900 along 00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,009 Roberts arrived in January 1900 along with tens of thousands of reinforcements 00:14:49,009 --> 00:14:49,019 with tens of thousands of reinforcements 00:14:49,019 --> 00:14:51,350 with tens of thousands of reinforcements from all over the Empire including 00:14:51,350 --> 00:14:51,360 from all over the Empire including 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,410 from all over the Empire including Canada New Zealand Australia and a 00:14:54,410 --> 00:14:54,420 Canada New Zealand Australia and a 00:14:54,420 --> 00:14:56,750 Canada New Zealand Australia and a certain Mohandas Gandhi who served with 00:14:56,750 --> 00:14:56,760 certain Mohandas Gandhi who served with 00:14:56,760 --> 00:14:58,790 certain Mohandas Gandhi who served with the Indian ambulance Corps at the Battle 00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:58,800 the Indian ambulance Corps at the Battle 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:00,410 the Indian ambulance Corps at the Battle of spionkop 00:15:00,410 --> 00:15:00,420 of spionkop 00:15:00,420 --> 00:15:02,750 of spionkop Roberts began to reorganize the Army 00:15:02,750 --> 00:15:02,760 Roberts began to reorganize the Army 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:04,850 Roberts began to reorganize the Army including transport to free it from 00:15:04,850 --> 00:15:04,860 including transport to free it from 00:15:04,860 --> 00:15:07,970 including transport to free it from Railways and new tactics to counter boor 00:15:07,970 --> 00:15:07,980 Railways and new tactics to counter boor 00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:09,230 Railways and new tactics to counter boor Firepower 00:15:09,230 --> 00:15:09,240 Firepower 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:11,509 Firepower the British launched a new offensive on 00:15:11,509 --> 00:15:11,519 the British launched a new offensive on 00:15:11,519 --> 00:15:15,710 the British launched a new offensive on February 10 1900. 50 000 men Advanced on 00:15:15,710 --> 00:15:15,720 February 10 1900. 50 000 men Advanced on 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,050 February 10 1900. 50 000 men Advanced on Kimberly and British Cavalry caught the 00:15:18,050 --> 00:15:18,060 Kimberly and British Cavalry caught the 00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:20,210 Kimberly and British Cavalry caught the boers off guard by bursting through 00:15:20,210 --> 00:15:20,220 boers off guard by bursting through 00:15:20,220 --> 00:15:22,250 boers off guard by bursting through their Siege lines and threatening their 00:15:22,250 --> 00:15:22,260 their Siege lines and threatening their 00:15:22,260 --> 00:15:24,530 their Siege lines and threatening their line of retreat a British officer 00:15:24,530 --> 00:15:24,540 line of retreat a British officer 00:15:24,540 --> 00:15:27,530 line of retreat a British officer described how the action evolved 00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:27,540 described how the action evolved 00:15:27,540 --> 00:15:29,629 described how the action evolved the Enterprise appeared to us at first 00:15:29,629 --> 00:15:29,639 the Enterprise appeared to us at first 00:15:29,639 --> 00:15:32,810 the Enterprise appeared to us at first as quite hopeless we believed only a few 00:15:32,810 --> 00:15:32,820 as quite hopeless we believed only a few 00:15:32,820 --> 00:15:35,150 as quite hopeless we believed only a few of us could come out of it alive and had 00:15:35,150 --> 00:15:35,160 of us could come out of it alive and had 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:37,670 of us could come out of it alive and had we made a similar attack in training we 00:15:37,670 --> 00:15:37,680 we made a similar attack in training we 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:39,650 we made a similar attack in training we should certainly have all been put out 00:15:39,650 --> 00:15:39,660 should certainly have all been put out 00:15:39,660 --> 00:15:41,990 should certainly have all been put out of action and have been looked upon as 00:15:41,990 --> 00:15:42,000 of action and have been looked upon as 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:43,310 of action and have been looked upon as idiots 00:15:43,310 --> 00:15:43,320 idiots 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:45,350 idiots when we galloped about a quarter of a 00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:45,360 when we galloped about a quarter of a 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:48,110 when we galloped about a quarter of a mile we received a very hot frontal and 00:15:48,110 --> 00:15:48,120 mile we received a very hot frontal and 00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:50,210 mile we received a very hot frontal and flanking fire and I looked along the 00:15:50,210 --> 00:15:50,220 flanking fire and I looked along the 00:15:50,220 --> 00:15:52,610 flanking fire and I looked along the ranks expecting to see the men falling 00:15:52,610 --> 00:15:52,620 ranks expecting to see the men falling 00:15:52,620 --> 00:15:55,430 ranks expecting to see the men falling in masses but I saw no one come down 00:15:55,430 --> 00:15:55,440 in masses but I saw no one come down 00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:57,710 in masses but I saw no one come down although the rifle fire was crackling 00:15:57,710 --> 00:15:57,720 although the rifle fire was crackling 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:00,290 although the rifle fire was crackling all around us the feeling was 00:16:00,290 --> 00:16:00,300 all around us the feeling was 00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:03,110 all around us the feeling was wonderfully exciting just as in a good 00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:03,120 wonderfully exciting just as in a good 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:05,090 wonderfully exciting just as in a good run to House 00:16:05,090 --> 00:16:05,100 run to House 00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:07,610 run to House the boars lifted The Siege and tried to 00:16:07,610 --> 00:16:07,620 the boars lifted The Siege and tried to 00:16:07,620 --> 00:16:10,009 the boars lifted The Siege and tried to withdraw but with wagons and artillery 00:16:10,009 --> 00:16:10,019 withdraw but with wagons and artillery 00:16:10,019 --> 00:16:12,350 withdraw but with wagons and artillery and Tow they couldn't outrun the British 00:16:12,350 --> 00:16:12,360 and Tow they couldn't outrun the British 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,710 and Tow they couldn't outrun the British so the boars unwisely dug in at pardeber 00:16:15,710 --> 00:16:15,720 so the boars unwisely dug in at pardeber 00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:17,990 so the boars unwisely dug in at pardeber which allowed Imperial troops to 00:16:17,990 --> 00:16:18,000 which allowed Imperial troops to 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,110 which allowed Imperial troops to surround them after a 10-day Siege four 00:16:21,110 --> 00:16:21,120 surround them after a 10-day Siege four 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:23,210 surround them after a 10-day Siege four thousand boar Fighters surrendered on 00:16:23,210 --> 00:16:23,220 thousand boar Fighters surrendered on 00:16:23,220 --> 00:16:26,449 thousand boar Fighters surrendered on February 27th was a crushing blow for 00:16:26,449 --> 00:16:26,459 February 27th was a crushing blow for 00:16:26,459 --> 00:16:29,509 February 27th was a crushing blow for such a small army meanwhile in Natal 00:16:29,509 --> 00:16:29,519 such a small army meanwhile in Natal 00:16:29,519 --> 00:16:31,850 such a small army meanwhile in Natal Buller continued his efforts to relieve 00:16:31,850 --> 00:16:31,860 Buller continued his efforts to relieve 00:16:31,860 --> 00:16:34,790 Buller continued his efforts to relieve Ladysmith the boers were able to repel 00:16:34,790 --> 00:16:34,800 Ladysmith the boers were able to repel 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:37,370 Ladysmith the boers were able to repel British attacks at spionkop in January 00:16:37,370 --> 00:16:37,380 British attacks at spionkop in January 00:16:37,380 --> 00:16:40,310 British attacks at spionkop in January and fall Kranz in February but another 00:16:40,310 --> 00:16:40,320 and fall Kranz in February but another 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:42,290 and fall Kranz in February but another British attack at the tegela Heights in 00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:42,300 British attack at the tegela Heights in 00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:44,930 British attack at the tegela Heights in late February broke the Boer defenses 00:16:44,930 --> 00:16:44,940 late February broke the Boer defenses 00:16:44,940 --> 00:16:47,629 late February broke the Boer defenses British artillery and infantry launched 00:16:47,629 --> 00:16:47,639 British artillery and infantry launched 00:16:47,639 --> 00:16:50,389 British artillery and infantry launched methodical step-by-step attacks that 00:16:50,389 --> 00:16:50,399 methodical step-by-step attacks that 00:16:50,399 --> 00:16:51,710 methodical step-by-step attacks that resembled the fighting of the first 00:16:51,710 --> 00:16:51,720 resembled the fighting of the first 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:54,470 resembled the fighting of the first world war and Ladysmith was relieved on 00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:54,480 world war and Ladysmith was relieved on 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:56,269 world war and Ladysmith was relieved on February 27th 00:16:56,269 --> 00:16:56,279 February 27th 00:16:56,279 --> 00:16:59,210 February 27th the poor Army was severely weakened and 00:16:59,210 --> 00:16:59,220 the poor Army was severely weakened and 00:16:59,220 --> 00:17:00,590 the poor Army was severely weakened and the British capitalized on their 00:17:00,590 --> 00:17:00,600 the British capitalized on their 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:02,689 the British capitalized on their victories by invading Orange Free State 00:17:02,689 --> 00:17:02,699 victories by invading Orange Free State 00:17:02,699 --> 00:17:04,929 victories by invading Orange Free State and trans file they occupied 00:17:04,929 --> 00:17:04,939 and trans file they occupied 00:17:04,939 --> 00:17:07,610 and trans file they occupied bloomfontaine in March and Pretoria fell 00:17:07,610 --> 00:17:07,620 bloomfontaine in March and Pretoria fell 00:17:07,620 --> 00:17:10,250 bloomfontaine in March and Pretoria fell in June poor efforts to Halt the 00:17:10,250 --> 00:17:10,260 in June poor efforts to Halt the 00:17:10,260 --> 00:17:12,650 in June poor efforts to Halt the Relentless events were overwhelmed by 00:17:12,650 --> 00:17:12,660 Relentless events were overwhelmed by 00:17:12,660 --> 00:17:15,650 Relentless events were overwhelmed by British numbers and Firepower the last 00:17:15,650 --> 00:17:15,660 British numbers and Firepower the last 00:17:15,660 --> 00:17:17,809 British numbers and Firepower the last pitch Battle of the war took place at 00:17:17,809 --> 00:17:17,819 pitch Battle of the war took place at 00:17:17,819 --> 00:17:20,630 pitch Battle of the war took place at bergendal in transfal in late August 00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:20,640 bergendal in transfal in late August 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:23,210 bergendal in transfal in late August 1900 as the boers struggled to hold 00:17:23,210 --> 00:17:23,220 1900 as the boers struggled to hold 00:17:23,220 --> 00:17:25,909 1900 as the boers struggled to hold their last defensive line after several 00:17:25,909 --> 00:17:25,919 their last defensive line after several 00:17:25,919 --> 00:17:27,829 their last defensive line after several days of fierce fighting the British 00:17:27,829 --> 00:17:27,839 days of fierce fighting the British 00:17:27,839 --> 00:17:30,530 days of fierce fighting the British cleared the position and it seemed that 00:17:30,530 --> 00:17:30,540 cleared the position and it seemed that 00:17:30,540 --> 00:17:32,390 cleared the position and it seemed that the war was over 00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:32,400 the war was over 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,850 the war was over by September 1900 the British had 00:17:34,850 --> 00:17:34,860 by September 1900 the British had 00:17:34,860 --> 00:17:36,770 by September 1900 the British had occupied the Boer republics and 00:17:36,770 --> 00:17:36,780 occupied the Boer republics and 00:17:36,780 --> 00:17:38,930 occupied the Boer republics and Scattered their armies Lord Roberts 00:17:38,930 --> 00:17:38,940 Scattered their armies Lord Roberts 00:17:38,940 --> 00:17:41,029 Scattered their armies Lord Roberts proclaimed that the war had been won and 00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:41,039 proclaimed that the war had been won and 00:17:41,039 --> 00:17:43,370 proclaimed that the war had been won and returned home to England as a Conquering 00:17:43,370 --> 00:17:43,380 returned home to England as a Conquering 00:17:43,380 --> 00:17:46,310 returned home to England as a Conquering Hero but the boers refused to give in 00:17:46,310 --> 00:17:46,320 Hero but the boers refused to give in 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,130 Hero but the boers refused to give in and Unleashed a guerrilla War 00:17:49,130 --> 00:17:49,140 and Unleashed a guerrilla War 00:17:49,140 --> 00:17:51,470 and Unleashed a guerrilla War in early 1900 the situation for the 00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:51,480 in early 1900 the situation for the 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:53,990 in early 1900 the situation for the boers was rapidly changing some were 00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:54,000 boers was rapidly changing some were 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:56,150 boers was rapidly changing some were commanders in particular Christian David 00:17:56,150 --> 00:17:56,160 commanders in particular Christian David 00:17:56,160 --> 00:17:58,310 commanders in particular Christian David argued that the boers should adopt 00:17:58,310 --> 00:17:58,320 argued that the boers should adopt 00:17:58,320 --> 00:17:59,990 argued that the boers should adopt Guerrilla war against Britain's 00:17:59,990 --> 00:18:00,000 Guerrilla war against Britain's 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,330 Guerrilla war against Britain's numerical Advantage there had already 00:18:02,330 --> 00:18:02,340 numerical Advantage there had already 00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:05,029 numerical Advantage there had already been successful boar ambushes like the 00:18:05,029 --> 00:18:05,039 been successful boar ambushes like the 00:18:05,039 --> 00:18:07,010 been successful boar ambushes like the attack on an armored train carrying War 00:18:07,010 --> 00:18:07,020 attack on an armored train carrying War 00:18:07,020 --> 00:18:09,470 attack on an armored train carrying War correspondent Winston Churchill who made 00:18:09,470 --> 00:18:09,480 correspondent Winston Churchill who made 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:11,330 correspondent Winston Churchill who made an observation that would play a crucial 00:18:11,330 --> 00:18:11,340 an observation that would play a crucial 00:18:11,340 --> 00:18:14,090 an observation that would play a crucial role in the next phase of the war 00:18:14,090 --> 00:18:14,100 role in the next phase of the war 00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:16,490 role in the next phase of the war nothing looks more formidable and 00:18:16,490 --> 00:18:16,500 nothing looks more formidable and 00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,070 nothing looks more formidable and impressive than an armored train but 00:18:19,070 --> 00:18:19,080 impressive than an armored train but 00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:21,650 impressive than an armored train but nothing is in fact more vulnerable and 00:18:21,650 --> 00:18:21,660 nothing is in fact more vulnerable and 00:18:21,660 --> 00:18:24,289 nothing is in fact more vulnerable and helpless it was only necessary to blow 00:18:24,289 --> 00:18:24,299 helpless it was only necessary to blow 00:18:24,299 --> 00:18:26,570 helpless it was only necessary to blow up a bridge or Culvert to leave the 00:18:26,570 --> 00:18:26,580 up a bridge or Culvert to leave the 00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:29,210 up a bridge or Culvert to leave the monster stranded far from home and help 00:18:29,210 --> 00:18:29,220 monster stranded far from home and help 00:18:29,220 --> 00:18:31,610 monster stranded far from home and help at the mercy of the enemy 00:18:31,610 --> 00:18:31,620 at the mercy of the enemy 00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:33,830 at the mercy of the enemy debate put his ideas into practice with 00:18:33,830 --> 00:18:33,840 debate put his ideas into practice with 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:36,350 debate put his ideas into practice with a spectacular gorilla attack at Santa's 00:18:36,350 --> 00:18:36,360 a spectacular gorilla attack at Santa's 00:18:36,360 --> 00:18:39,890 a spectacular gorilla attack at Santa's post on March 31 1900. his Commandos 00:18:39,890 --> 00:18:39,900 post on March 31 1900. his Commandos 00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:42,350 post on March 31 1900. his Commandos ambushed an unsuspecting British column 00:18:42,350 --> 00:18:42,360 ambushed an unsuspecting British column 00:18:42,360 --> 00:18:45,110 ambushed an unsuspecting British column inflicting over 500 casualties and 00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:45,120 inflicting over 500 casualties and 00:18:45,120 --> 00:18:47,390 inflicting over 500 casualties and capturing seven artillery pieces for the 00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:47,400 capturing seven artillery pieces for the 00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:49,490 capturing seven artillery pieces for the loss of just eight men 00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:49,500 loss of just eight men 00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:51,350 loss of just eight men debate would continue his Guerrilla 00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:51,360 debate would continue his Guerrilla 00:18:51,360 --> 00:18:53,890 debate would continue his Guerrilla campaign with great success in 1900 00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:53,900 campaign with great success in 1900 00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:56,690 campaign with great success in 1900 ambushing isolated British columns and 00:18:56,690 --> 00:18:56,700 ambushing isolated British columns and 00:18:56,700 --> 00:18:58,370 ambushing isolated British columns and destroying the railway on which the 00:18:58,370 --> 00:18:58,380 destroying the railway on which the 00:18:58,380 --> 00:19:00,710 destroying the railway on which the British relied for supplies taking 00:19:00,710 --> 00:19:00,720 British relied for supplies taking 00:19:00,720 --> 00:19:02,930 British relied for supplies taking advantage of boar mobility and knowledge 00:19:02,930 --> 00:19:02,940 advantage of boar mobility and knowledge 00:19:02,940 --> 00:19:05,210 advantage of boar mobility and knowledge of the terrain debate could emerge from 00:19:05,210 --> 00:19:05,220 of the terrain debate could emerge from 00:19:05,220 --> 00:19:06,950 of the terrain debate could emerge from the countryside to strike without 00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:06,960 the countryside to strike without 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:09,529 the countryside to strike without warning an easily eluded British 00:19:09,529 --> 00:19:09,539 warning an easily eluded British 00:19:09,539 --> 00:19:12,230 warning an easily eluded British attempts to pursue his Commandos 00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:12,240 attempts to pursue his Commandos 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:13,970 attempts to pursue his Commandos following the defeat at the Battle of 00:19:13,970 --> 00:19:13,980 following the defeat at the Battle of 00:19:13,980 --> 00:19:16,010 following the defeat at the Battle of bergendal in August the remaining boar 00:19:16,010 --> 00:19:16,020 bergendal in August the remaining boar 00:19:16,020 --> 00:19:17,810 bergendal in August the remaining boar commanders decided that conventional 00:19:17,810 --> 00:19:17,820 commanders decided that conventional 00:19:17,820 --> 00:19:20,510 commanders decided that conventional Warfare was futile and also turned to 00:19:20,510 --> 00:19:20,520 Warfare was futile and also turned to 00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:23,510 Warfare was futile and also turned to Guerrilla War instead the boar campaign 00:19:23,510 --> 00:19:23,520 Guerrilla War instead the boar campaign 00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:25,850 Guerrilla War instead the boar campaign began in Earnest from October under the 00:19:25,850 --> 00:19:25,860 began in Earnest from October under the 00:19:25,860 --> 00:19:27,590 began in Earnest from October under the overall leadership of Louis Botha 00:19:27,590 --> 00:19:27,600 overall leadership of Louis Botha 00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:29,870 overall leadership of Louis Botha Commandos attacked British columns and 00:19:29,870 --> 00:19:29,880 Commandos attacked British columns and 00:19:29,880 --> 00:19:32,270 Commandos attacked British columns and Supply Depots but targeted The Rail 00:19:32,270 --> 00:19:32,280 Supply Depots but targeted The Rail 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:34,909 Supply Depots but targeted The Rail lines most of all lines were frequently 00:19:34,909 --> 00:19:34,919 lines most of all lines were frequently 00:19:34,919 --> 00:19:37,010 lines most of all lines were frequently sabotaged and unguarded trains were 00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:37,020 sabotaged and unguarded trains were 00:19:37,020 --> 00:19:39,890 sabotaged and unguarded trains were hijacked during one such hijacking a 00:19:39,890 --> 00:19:39,900 hijacked during one such hijacking a 00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:41,930 hijacked during one such hijacking a surprised American businessman was 00:19:41,930 --> 00:19:41,940 surprised American businessman was 00:19:41,940 --> 00:19:44,870 surprised American businessman was robbed at gunpoint by poor Fighters one 00:19:44,870 --> 00:19:44,880 robbed at gunpoint by poor Fighters one 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:47,090 robbed at gunpoint by poor Fighters one of them was Johannes stain 00:19:47,090 --> 00:19:47,100 of them was Johannes stain 00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:49,250 of them was Johannes stain the American was stunned and as he 00:19:49,250 --> 00:19:49,260 the American was stunned and as he 00:19:49,260 --> 00:19:52,430 the American was stunned and as he handed over his wealth he said but sir I 00:19:52,430 --> 00:19:52,440 handed over his wealth he said but sir I 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,830 handed over his wealth he said but sir I thought that this war was over I replied 00:19:54,830 --> 00:19:54,840 thought that this war was over I replied 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:58,610 thought that this war was over I replied you were misinformed this war is just 00:19:58,610 --> 00:19:58,620 you were misinformed this war is just 00:19:58,620 --> 00:19:59,810 you were misinformed this war is just beginning 00:19:59,810 --> 00:19:59,820 beginning 00:19:59,820 --> 00:20:02,330 beginning the British initially had no answer to 00:20:02,330 --> 00:20:02,340 the British initially had no answer to 00:20:02,340 --> 00:20:04,789 the British initially had no answer to Boer gorilla tactics the commando's 00:20:04,789 --> 00:20:04,799 Boer gorilla tactics the commando's 00:20:04,799 --> 00:20:06,710 Boer gorilla tactics the commando's speed and knowledge of the terrain made 00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:06,720 speed and knowledge of the terrain made 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:08,870 speed and knowledge of the terrain made them too elusive for slower British 00:20:08,870 --> 00:20:08,880 them too elusive for slower British 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:11,270 them too elusive for slower British columns to catch the British carried out 00:20:11,270 --> 00:20:11,280 columns to catch the British carried out 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:13,430 columns to catch the British carried out great sweeps of the countryside looking 00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:13,440 great sweeps of the countryside looking 00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:15,529 great sweeps of the countryside looking for Commandos and placed faith in the 00:20:15,529 --> 00:20:15,539 for Commandos and placed faith in the 00:20:15,539 --> 00:20:17,810 for Commandos and placed faith in the so-called prisoner count of boers that 00:20:17,810 --> 00:20:17,820 so-called prisoner count of boers that 00:20:17,820 --> 00:20:20,630 so-called prisoner count of boers that they'd captured in reality most of the 00:20:20,630 --> 00:20:20,640 they'd captured in reality most of the 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:22,970 they'd captured in reality most of the prisoners were just Farmers or Drifters 00:20:22,970 --> 00:20:22,980 prisoners were just Farmers or Drifters 00:20:22,980 --> 00:20:25,130 prisoners were just Farmers or Drifters seized by a passing British column 00:20:25,130 --> 00:20:25,140 seized by a passing British column 00:20:25,140 --> 00:20:27,950 seized by a passing British column rather than actual boar Fighters 00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:27,960 rather than actual boar Fighters 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:30,230 rather than actual boar Fighters frustrated by continued bore resistance 00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:30,240 frustrated by continued bore resistance 00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:32,570 frustrated by continued bore resistance and their inability to counter it the 00:20:32,570 --> 00:20:32,580 and their inability to counter it the 00:20:32,580 --> 00:20:35,450 and their inability to counter it the British responded with brutality in 00:20:35,450 --> 00:20:35,460 British responded with brutality in 00:20:35,460 --> 00:20:37,730 British responded with brutality in mid-1900 Lord Roberts ordered the 00:20:37,730 --> 00:20:37,740 mid-1900 Lord Roberts ordered the 00:20:37,740 --> 00:20:39,710 mid-1900 Lord Roberts ordered the destruction of farms thought to be 00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:39,720 destruction of farms thought to be 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:41,930 destruction of farms thought to be supporting boar Gorillas with food or 00:20:41,930 --> 00:20:41,940 supporting boar Gorillas with food or 00:20:41,940 --> 00:20:44,690 supporting boar Gorillas with food or ammunition his successor Lord Kitchener 00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:44,700 ammunition his successor Lord Kitchener 00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:47,510 ammunition his successor Lord Kitchener took this measure much further from 00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:47,520 took this measure much further from 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:50,210 took this measure much further from December 1900 on British troops were to 00:20:50,210 --> 00:20:50,220 December 1900 on British troops were to 00:20:50,220 --> 00:20:53,210 December 1900 on British troops were to burn all poor owned Farms regardless of 00:20:53,210 --> 00:20:53,220 burn all poor owned Farms regardless of 00:20:53,220 --> 00:20:55,190 burn all poor owned Farms regardless of whether they supported the gorillas or 00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:55,200 whether they supported the gorillas or 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,830 whether they supported the gorillas or not this Relentless scorched Earth 00:20:57,830 --> 00:20:57,840 not this Relentless scorched Earth 00:20:57,840 --> 00:21:00,350 not this Relentless scorched Earth campaign destroyed thousands of boar 00:21:00,350 --> 00:21:00,360 campaign destroyed thousands of boar 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:03,169 campaign destroyed thousands of boar farms and made about 150 00:21:03,169 --> 00:21:03,179 farms and made about 150 00:21:03,179 --> 00:21:04,970 farms and made about 150 000 civilians homeless 00:21:04,970 --> 00:21:04,980 000 civilians homeless 00:21:04,980 --> 00:21:07,370 000 civilians homeless Kitchener also introduced the Blockhouse 00:21:07,370 --> 00:21:07,380 Kitchener also introduced the Blockhouse 00:21:07,380 --> 00:21:10,310 Kitchener also introduced the Blockhouse system to limit Bohr Mobility block 00:21:10,310 --> 00:21:10,320 system to limit Bohr Mobility block 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:12,470 system to limit Bohr Mobility block houses were small easily constructed 00:21:12,470 --> 00:21:12,480 houses were small easily constructed 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,409 houses were small easily constructed pill boxes manned by eight Soldiers the 00:21:15,409 --> 00:21:15,419 pill boxes manned by eight Soldiers the 00:21:15,419 --> 00:21:17,690 pill boxes manned by eight Soldiers the British built 8 000 block houses along 00:21:17,690 --> 00:21:17,700 British built 8 000 block houses along 00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:19,909 British built 8 000 block houses along Rail lines and opposite River Crossings 00:21:19,909 --> 00:21:19,919 Rail lines and opposite River Crossings 00:21:19,919 --> 00:21:22,190 Rail lines and opposite River Crossings each Blockhouse was linked to its 00:21:22,190 --> 00:21:22,200 each Blockhouse was linked to its 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,650 each Blockhouse was linked to its neighbors with wire obstacles creating a 00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:24,660 neighbors with wire obstacles creating a 00:21:24,660 --> 00:21:27,169 neighbors with wire obstacles creating a permanent defended barrier which greatly 00:21:27,169 --> 00:21:27,179 permanent defended barrier which greatly 00:21:27,179 --> 00:21:29,029 permanent defended barrier which greatly hindered Bohr movement 00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:29,039 hindered Bohr movement 00:21:29,039 --> 00:21:31,549 hindered Bohr movement as with all Guerrilla Wars the fighting 00:21:31,549 --> 00:21:31,559 as with all Guerrilla Wars the fighting 00:21:31,559 --> 00:21:34,190 as with all Guerrilla Wars the fighting was prolonged and brutal and both sides 00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:34,200 was prolonged and brutal and both sides 00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:36,110 was prolonged and brutal and both sides inflicted cruelty on the civilian 00:21:36,110 --> 00:21:36,120 inflicted cruelty on the civilian 00:21:36,120 --> 00:21:39,049 inflicted cruelty on the civilian population bore Commandos plundered 00:21:39,049 --> 00:21:39,059 population bore Commandos plundered 00:21:39,059 --> 00:21:41,450 population bore Commandos plundered African villages and pro-british farms 00:21:41,450 --> 00:21:41,460 African villages and pro-british farms 00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:43,850 African villages and pro-british farms for supplies and the British burned down 00:21:43,850 --> 00:21:43,860 for supplies and the British burned down 00:21:43,860 --> 00:21:47,090 for supplies and the British burned down boar Farms combat between poor gorillas 00:21:47,090 --> 00:21:47,100 boar Farms combat between poor gorillas 00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:49,130 boar Farms combat between poor gorillas and British columns usually took the 00:21:49,130 --> 00:21:49,140 and British columns usually took the 00:21:49,140 --> 00:21:51,470 and British columns usually took the form of ambushes and was often close 00:21:51,470 --> 00:21:51,480 form of ambushes and was often close 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:54,169 form of ambushes and was often close ranged and exceptionally violent 00:21:54,169 --> 00:21:54,179 ranged and exceptionally violent 00:21:54,179 --> 00:21:56,210 ranged and exceptionally violent the boers looted dead or captured 00:21:56,210 --> 00:21:56,220 the boers looted dead or captured 00:21:56,220 --> 00:21:58,310 the boers looted dead or captured British soldiers for equipment and the 00:21:58,310 --> 00:21:58,320 British soldiers for equipment and the 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:00,590 British soldiers for equipment and the British responded by summarily executing 00:22:00,590 --> 00:22:00,600 British responded by summarily executing 00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,049 British responded by summarily executing any poor fighter found to be using 00:22:03,049 --> 00:22:03,059 any poor fighter found to be using 00:22:03,059 --> 00:22:04,789 any poor fighter found to be using British gear 00:22:04,789 --> 00:22:04,799 British gear 00:22:04,799 --> 00:22:06,770 British gear kitchener's Relentless scorched Earth 00:22:06,770 --> 00:22:06,780 kitchener's Relentless scorched Earth 00:22:06,780 --> 00:22:09,289 kitchener's Relentless scorched Earth policy created thousands of Boer 00:22:09,289 --> 00:22:09,299 policy created thousands of Boer 00:22:09,299 --> 00:22:11,330 policy created thousands of Boer refugees and their treatment by the 00:22:11,330 --> 00:22:11,340 refugees and their treatment by the 00:22:11,340 --> 00:22:13,789 refugees and their treatment by the British would lead to the creation of 00:22:13,789 --> 00:22:13,799 British would lead to the creation of 00:22:13,799 --> 00:22:15,649 British would lead to the creation of concentration camps 00:22:15,649 --> 00:22:15,659 concentration camps 00:22:15,659 --> 00:22:17,510 concentration camps the British had first considered a 00:22:17,510 --> 00:22:17,520 the British had first considered a 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,730 the British had first considered a refugee camp system for displaced boers 00:22:19,730 --> 00:22:19,740 refugee camp system for displaced boers 00:22:19,740 --> 00:22:22,909 refugee camp system for displaced boers in May 1900 and set up several ad hoc 00:22:22,909 --> 00:22:22,919 in May 1900 and set up several ad hoc 00:22:22,919 --> 00:22:25,610 in May 1900 and set up several ad hoc camps Kitchener made the system official 00:22:25,610 --> 00:22:25,620 camps Kitchener made the system official 00:22:25,620 --> 00:22:28,310 camps Kitchener made the system official in December 1900 as his scorched Earth 00:22:28,310 --> 00:22:28,320 in December 1900 as his scorched Earth 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:30,350 in December 1900 as his scorched Earth policy created thousands of additional 00:22:30,350 --> 00:22:30,360 policy created thousands of additional 00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:32,930 policy created thousands of additional refugees and the Concentration Camp 00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:32,940 refugees and the Concentration Camp 00:22:32,940 --> 00:22:34,730 refugees and the Concentration Camp system was born 00:22:34,730 --> 00:22:34,740 system was born 00:22:34,740 --> 00:22:37,070 system was born the British initially intended the camps 00:22:37,070 --> 00:22:37,080 the British initially intended the camps 00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:39,110 the British initially intended the camps as Refugee centers that provided 00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:39,120 as Refugee centers that provided 00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:41,990 as Refugee centers that provided accommodation food and medical care but 00:22:41,990 --> 00:22:42,000 accommodation food and medical care but 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:43,909 accommodation food and medical care but problems with the system soon emerged 00:22:43,909 --> 00:22:43,919 problems with the system soon emerged 00:22:43,919 --> 00:22:46,250 problems with the system soon emerged the camps were short of Staff since the 00:22:46,250 --> 00:22:46,260 the camps were short of Staff since the 00:22:46,260 --> 00:22:48,049 the camps were short of Staff since the Army argued that they were a civilian 00:22:48,049 --> 00:22:48,059 Army argued that they were a civilian 00:22:48,059 --> 00:22:50,210 Army argued that they were a civilian issue and refused to provide officers 00:22:50,210 --> 00:22:50,220 issue and refused to provide officers 00:22:50,220 --> 00:22:52,430 issue and refused to provide officers while civilian authorities felt that 00:22:52,430 --> 00:22:52,440 while civilian authorities felt that 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:54,409 while civilian authorities felt that they were a low priority and struggled 00:22:54,409 --> 00:22:54,419 they were a low priority and struggled 00:22:54,419 --> 00:22:56,270 they were a low priority and struggled to find suitable administrative and 00:22:56,270 --> 00:22:56,280 to find suitable administrative and 00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:59,029 to find suitable administrative and medical personnel as a result many of 00:22:59,029 --> 00:22:59,039 medical personnel as a result many of 00:22:59,039 --> 00:23:00,669 medical personnel as a result many of the camps were badly organized 00:23:00,669 --> 00:23:00,679 the camps were badly organized 00:23:00,679 --> 00:23:03,950 the camps were badly organized under-resourced and poorly run to worsen 00:23:03,950 --> 00:23:03,960 under-resourced and poorly run to worsen 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:05,630 under-resourced and poorly run to worsen the situation many camps were 00:23:05,630 --> 00:23:05,640 the situation many camps were 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:07,010 the situation many camps were constructed in locations without 00:23:07,010 --> 00:23:07,020 constructed in locations without 00:23:07,020 --> 00:23:09,529 constructed in locations without adequate sanitation but the most 00:23:09,529 --> 00:23:09,539 adequate sanitation but the most 00:23:09,539 --> 00:23:11,270 adequate sanitation but the most critical problem was chronic 00:23:11,270 --> 00:23:11,280 critical problem was chronic 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,810 critical problem was chronic overcrowding there were some 44 000 boar 00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:14,820 overcrowding there were some 44 000 boar 00:23:14,820 --> 00:23:17,930 overcrowding there were some 44 000 boar civilians in the camps by March 1901 but 00:23:17,930 --> 00:23:17,940 civilians in the camps by March 1901 but 00:23:17,940 --> 00:23:21,110 civilians in the camps by March 1901 but this had risen to 110 000 by December of 00:23:21,110 --> 00:23:21,120 this had risen to 110 000 by December of 00:23:21,120 --> 00:23:24,049 this had risen to 110 000 by December of the same year these conditions led to 00:23:24,049 --> 00:23:24,059 the same year these conditions led to 00:23:24,059 --> 00:23:25,909 the same year these conditions led to terrible outbreaks of disease like 00:23:25,909 --> 00:23:25,919 terrible outbreaks of disease like 00:23:25,919 --> 00:23:28,310 terrible outbreaks of disease like measles and diphtheria which killed many 00:23:28,310 --> 00:23:28,320 measles and diphtheria which killed many 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:33,130 measles and diphtheria which killed many boars including children 00:23:33,130 --> 00:23:33,140 00:23:33,140 --> 00:23:36,110 was seven years old at the time 00:23:36,110 --> 00:23:36,120 was seven years old at the time 00:23:36,120 --> 00:23:39,110 was seven years old at the time the camp was lice infested my aunt had 00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:39,120 the camp was lice infested my aunt had 00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:41,270 the camp was lice infested my aunt had to cut all my hair off 00:23:41,270 --> 00:23:41,280 to cut all my hair off 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:43,549 to cut all my hair off thousands of newcomers arrived at the 00:23:43,549 --> 00:23:43,559 thousands of newcomers arrived at the 00:23:43,559 --> 00:23:46,370 thousands of newcomers arrived at the camp hudrids became sick 00:23:46,370 --> 00:23:46,380 camp hudrids became sick 00:23:46,380 --> 00:23:48,710 camp hudrids became sick the Marquee Hospital tents were always 00:23:48,710 --> 00:23:48,720 the Marquee Hospital tents were always 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,250 the Marquee Hospital tents were always full the doctors worked day and night 00:23:52,250 --> 00:23:52,260 full the doctors worked day and night 00:23:52,260 --> 00:23:54,649 full the doctors worked day and night people died like rats 00:23:54,649 --> 00:23:54,659 people died like rats 00:23:54,659 --> 00:23:57,110 people died like rats carts came down the rows of tents to 00:23:57,110 --> 00:23:57,120 carts came down the rows of tents to 00:23:57,120 --> 00:23:58,490 carts came down the rows of tents to pick up the Dead 00:23:58,490 --> 00:23:58,500 pick up the Dead 00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:00,860 pick up the Dead there were funerals every day 00:24:00,860 --> 00:24:00,870 there were funerals every day 00:24:00,870 --> 00:24:02,690 there were funerals every day [Music] 00:24:02,690 --> 00:24:02,700 [Music] 00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:04,549 [Music] the shocking state of the concentration 00:24:04,549 --> 00:24:04,559 the shocking state of the concentration 00:24:04,559 --> 00:24:06,830 the shocking state of the concentration camps was exposed by British Aid worker 00:24:06,830 --> 00:24:06,840 camps was exposed by British Aid worker 00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:10,490 camps was exposed by British Aid worker Emily hobhouse in May 1901. her damning 00:24:10,490 --> 00:24:10,500 Emily hobhouse in May 1901. her damning 00:24:10,500 --> 00:24:13,130 Emily hobhouse in May 1901. her damning report caused worldwide outrage against 00:24:13,130 --> 00:24:13,140 report caused worldwide outrage against 00:24:13,140 --> 00:24:14,390 report caused worldwide outrage against Britain 00:24:14,390 --> 00:24:14,400 Britain 00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,330 Britain it presses hardest on the children they 00:24:17,330 --> 00:24:17,340 it presses hardest on the children they 00:24:17,340 --> 00:24:19,370 it presses hardest on the children they droop in the terrible heat and with 00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:19,380 droop in the terrible heat and with 00:24:19,380 --> 00:24:22,010 droop in the terrible heat and with insufficient unsuitable food whatever 00:24:22,010 --> 00:24:22,020 insufficient unsuitable food whatever 00:24:22,020 --> 00:24:24,770 insufficient unsuitable food whatever you do whatever the authorities do and 00:24:24,770 --> 00:24:24,780 you do whatever the authorities do and 00:24:24,780 --> 00:24:26,990 you do whatever the authorities do and they are I believe doing their best with 00:24:26,990 --> 00:24:27,000 they are I believe doing their best with 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,990 they are I believe doing their best with very limited means it is all only a 00:24:29,990 --> 00:24:30,000 very limited means it is all only a 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:33,230 very limited means it is all only a miserable patch on a great ill 00:24:33,230 --> 00:24:33,240 miserable patch on a great ill 00:24:33,240 --> 00:24:34,669 miserable patch on a great ill the British government appointed 00:24:34,669 --> 00:24:34,679 the British government appointed 00:24:34,679 --> 00:24:37,190 the British government appointed suffragette Millicent faucet to lead an 00:24:37,190 --> 00:24:37,200 suffragette Millicent faucet to lead an 00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:39,529 suffragette Millicent faucet to lead an official investigation her report 00:24:39,529 --> 00:24:39,539 official investigation her report 00:24:39,539 --> 00:24:41,690 official investigation her report confirmed hobhouse's findings and 00:24:41,690 --> 00:24:41,700 confirmed hobhouse's findings and 00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:44,510 confirmed hobhouse's findings and recommended major reforms from November 00:24:44,510 --> 00:24:44,520 recommended major reforms from November 00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:47,570 recommended major reforms from November 1901 onwards the camps came under formal 00:24:47,570 --> 00:24:47,580 1901 onwards the camps came under formal 00:24:47,580 --> 00:24:49,970 1901 onwards the camps came under formal civilian control and conditions steadily 00:24:49,970 --> 00:24:49,980 civilian control and conditions steadily 00:24:49,980 --> 00:24:52,070 civilian control and conditions steadily improved by the end of the war in May 00:24:52,070 --> 00:24:52,080 improved by the end of the war in May 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,710 improved by the end of the war in May 1902 the monthly mortality rate in the 00:24:54,710 --> 00:24:54,720 1902 the monthly mortality rate in the 00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:57,289 1902 the monthly mortality rate in the camps was lower than that of the pre-war 00:24:57,289 --> 00:24:57,299 camps was lower than that of the pre-war 00:24:57,299 --> 00:24:59,630 camps was lower than that of the pre-war bore republics but these British 00:24:59,630 --> 00:24:59,640 bore republics but these British 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:01,730 bore republics but these British measures came too late for tens of 00:25:01,730 --> 00:25:01,740 measures came too late for tens of 00:25:01,740 --> 00:25:03,950 measures came too late for tens of thousands of poor civilians 00:25:03,950 --> 00:25:03,960 thousands of poor civilians 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:06,409 thousands of poor civilians the British also created a parallel Camp 00:25:06,409 --> 00:25:06,419 the British also created a parallel Camp 00:25:06,419 --> 00:25:09,289 the British also created a parallel Camp system for black civilians these camps 00:25:09,289 --> 00:25:09,299 system for black civilians these camps 00:25:09,299 --> 00:25:11,210 system for black civilians these camps were intended to be self-sufficient and 00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:11,220 were intended to be self-sufficient and 00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:13,610 were intended to be self-sufficient and had even fewer resources than the camps 00:25:13,610 --> 00:25:13,620 had even fewer resources than the camps 00:25:13,620 --> 00:25:16,010 had even fewer resources than the camps for the boers Hub house never had a 00:25:16,010 --> 00:25:16,020 for the boers Hub house never had a 00:25:16,020 --> 00:25:17,930 for the boers Hub house never had a chance to visit these camps and the 00:25:17,930 --> 00:25:17,940 chance to visit these camps and the 00:25:17,940 --> 00:25:21,049 chance to visit these camps and the faucet commission ignored them entirely 00:25:21,049 --> 00:25:21,059 faucet commission ignored them entirely 00:25:21,059 --> 00:25:24,649 faucet commission ignored them entirely all told about 27 000 boar civilians 00:25:24,649 --> 00:25:24,659 all told about 27 000 boar civilians 00:25:24,659 --> 00:25:27,890 all told about 27 000 boar civilians died of whom 22 000 were children under 00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:27,900 died of whom 22 000 were children under 00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,370 died of whom 22 000 were children under the age of 16. at least 25 000 black 00:25:31,370 --> 00:25:31,380 the age of 16. at least 25 000 black 00:25:31,380 --> 00:25:33,950 the age of 16. at least 25 000 black civilians also died in camps bringing 00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:33,960 civilians also died in camps bringing 00:25:33,960 --> 00:25:38,330 civilians also died in camps bringing the death toll to a minimum of 52 000. 00:25:38,330 --> 00:25:38,340 the death toll to a minimum of 52 000. 00:25:38,340 --> 00:25:40,730 the death toll to a minimum of 52 000. the brutal Guerrilla War took a terrible 00:25:40,730 --> 00:25:40,740 the brutal Guerrilla War took a terrible 00:25:40,740 --> 00:25:43,430 the brutal Guerrilla War took a terrible toll on South Africa both sides had 00:25:43,430 --> 00:25:43,440 toll on South Africa both sides had 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:44,630 toll on South Africa both sides had suffered thousands of military 00:25:44,630 --> 00:25:44,640 suffered thousands of military 00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:46,730 suffered thousands of military casualties large parts of the country 00:25:46,730 --> 00:25:46,740 casualties large parts of the country 00:25:46,740 --> 00:25:49,130 casualties large parts of the country had been destroyed and over one hundred 00:25:49,130 --> 00:25:49,140 had been destroyed and over one hundred 00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:51,110 had been destroyed and over one hundred thousand civilians were interned in 00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:51,120 thousand civilians were interned in 00:25:51,120 --> 00:25:55,310 thousand civilians were interned in camps in 1902 it finally came to an end 00:25:55,310 --> 00:25:55,320 camps in 1902 it finally came to an end 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,070 camps in 1902 it finally came to an end by early 1902 the remaining boar 00:25:58,070 --> 00:25:58,080 by early 1902 the remaining boar 00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,649 by early 1902 the remaining boar Fighters were exhausted British scorched 00:26:00,649 --> 00:26:00,659 Fighters were exhausted British scorched 00:26:00,659 --> 00:26:02,750 Fighters were exhausted British scorched Earth tactics denied them supplies and 00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:02,760 Earth tactics denied them supplies and 00:26:02,760 --> 00:26:04,610 Earth tactics denied them supplies and the Blockhouse system limited their 00:26:04,610 --> 00:26:04,620 the Blockhouse system limited their 00:26:04,620 --> 00:26:06,590 the Blockhouse system limited their movement the Commandos were also 00:26:06,590 --> 00:26:06,600 movement the Commandos were also 00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:08,690 movement the Commandos were also struggling to accommodate some ten 00:26:08,690 --> 00:26:08,700 struggling to accommodate some ten 00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:10,430 struggling to accommodate some ten thousand poor civilians who were 00:26:10,430 --> 00:26:10,440 thousand poor civilians who were 00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:12,470 thousand poor civilians who were Sheltering in the wilderness to avoid 00:26:12,470 --> 00:26:12,480 Sheltering in the wilderness to avoid 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:14,870 Sheltering in the wilderness to avoid falling into British hands these 00:26:14,870 --> 00:26:14,880 falling into British hands these 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,090 falling into British hands these civilians lacked food shelter and 00:26:17,090 --> 00:26:17,100 civilians lacked food shelter and 00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:19,610 civilians lacked food shelter and medical supplies and suffered so badly 00:26:19,610 --> 00:26:19,620 medical supplies and suffered so badly 00:26:19,620 --> 00:26:21,890 medical supplies and suffered so badly that in some cases boar Fighters took 00:26:21,890 --> 00:26:21,900 that in some cases boar Fighters took 00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:23,870 that in some cases boar Fighters took them to the gates of concentration camps 00:26:23,870 --> 00:26:23,880 them to the gates of concentration camps 00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:25,730 them to the gates of concentration camps and left them for the British to take 00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:25,740 and left them for the British to take 00:26:25,740 --> 00:26:26,690 and left them for the British to take them in 00:26:26,690 --> 00:26:26,700 them in 00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:29,090 them in board Commandos calculated that there 00:26:29,090 --> 00:26:29,100 board Commandos calculated that there 00:26:29,100 --> 00:26:31,250 board Commandos calculated that there was no longer any Prospect of Victory 00:26:31,250 --> 00:26:31,260 was no longer any Prospect of Victory 00:26:31,260 --> 00:26:33,350 was no longer any Prospect of Victory and continued fighting would only 00:26:33,350 --> 00:26:33,360 and continued fighting would only 00:26:33,360 --> 00:26:35,269 and continued fighting would only prolong the suffering of the poor 00:26:35,269 --> 00:26:35,279 prolong the suffering of the poor 00:26:35,279 --> 00:26:38,210 prolong the suffering of the poor population it had indeed been a bloody 00:26:38,210 --> 00:26:38,220 population it had indeed been a bloody 00:26:38,220 --> 00:26:40,490 population it had indeed been a bloody struggle the British army suffered over 00:26:40,490 --> 00:26:40,500 struggle the British army suffered over 00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:41,570 struggle the British army suffered over 100 00:26:41,570 --> 00:26:41,580 100 00:26:41,580 --> 00:26:45,169 100 000 casualties including 22 000 dead and 00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:45,179 000 casualties including 22 000 dead and 00:26:45,179 --> 00:26:47,630 000 casualties including 22 000 dead and poor military losses are estimated to be 00:26:47,630 --> 00:26:47,640 poor military losses are estimated to be 00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:50,930 poor military losses are estimated to be about 30 000 with 9 000 dead 00:26:50,930 --> 00:26:50,940 about 30 000 with 9 000 dead 00:26:50,940 --> 00:26:53,750 about 30 000 with 9 000 dead faced with this Grim reality the Poor's 00:26:53,750 --> 00:26:53,760 faced with this Grim reality the Poor's 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:55,789 faced with this Grim reality the Poor's open negotiations with the British which 00:26:55,789 --> 00:26:55,799 open negotiations with the British which 00:26:55,799 --> 00:27:00,230 open negotiations with the British which led to the peace in May 1902 the boers 00:27:00,230 --> 00:27:00,240 led to the peace in May 1902 the boers 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:02,210 led to the peace in May 1902 the boers would surrender but be granted amnesty 00:27:02,210 --> 00:27:02,220 would surrender but be granted amnesty 00:27:02,220 --> 00:27:04,190 would surrender but be granted amnesty the British promised to protect the 00:27:04,190 --> 00:27:04,200 the British promised to protect the 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:06,470 the British promised to protect the Dutch language the poor republics were 00:27:06,470 --> 00:27:06,480 Dutch language the poor republics were 00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:08,510 Dutch language the poor republics were absorbed into the Empire but would get 00:27:08,510 --> 00:27:08,520 absorbed into the Empire but would get 00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:10,789 absorbed into the Empire but would get self-government in due course and the 00:27:10,789 --> 00:27:10,799 self-government in due course and the 00:27:10,799 --> 00:27:12,590 self-government in due course and the discussion of black African voting 00:27:12,590 --> 00:27:12,600 discussion of black African voting 00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:14,269 discussion of black African voting rights would be delayed until 00:27:14,269 --> 00:27:14,279 rights would be delayed until 00:27:14,279 --> 00:27:16,010 rights would be delayed until self-government 00:27:16,010 --> 00:27:16,020 self-government 00:27:16,020 --> 00:27:18,350 self-government the second Boer War shocked Britain 00:27:18,350 --> 00:27:18,360 the second Boer War shocked Britain 00:27:18,360 --> 00:27:20,450 the second Boer War shocked Britain which reformed its Army and soon found 00:27:20,450 --> 00:27:20,460 which reformed its Army and soon found 00:27:20,460 --> 00:27:23,870 which reformed its Army and soon found new allies in Japan France and Russia it 00:27:23,870 --> 00:27:23,880 new allies in Japan France and Russia it 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:25,789 new allies in Japan France and Russia it was also a baptism of fire for many 00:27:25,789 --> 00:27:25,799 was also a baptism of fire for many 00:27:25,799 --> 00:27:27,529 was also a baptism of fire for many officers that would later play an 00:27:27,529 --> 00:27:27,539 officers that would later play an 00:27:27,539 --> 00:27:29,210 officers that would later play an important role during the first World 00:27:29,210 --> 00:27:29,220 important role during the first World 00:27:29,220 --> 00:27:30,110 important role during the first World War 00:27:30,110 --> 00:27:30,120 War 00:27:30,120 --> 00:27:32,450 War the conflict foreshadowed many of the 00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:32,460 the conflict foreshadowed many of the 00:27:32,460 --> 00:27:34,370 the conflict foreshadowed many of the horrors of the 20th century battlefields 00:27:34,370 --> 00:27:34,380 horrors of the 20th century battlefields 00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:36,890 horrors of the 20th century battlefields and was a dark premonition of modern 00:27:36,890 --> 00:27:36,900 and was a dark premonition of modern 00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:40,190 and was a dark premonition of modern warfare's Horrors for civilians 00:27:40,190 --> 00:27:40,200 warfare's Horrors for civilians 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,350 warfare's Horrors for civilians we'd like to thank Spencer Jones the 00:27:42,350 --> 00:27:42,360 we'd like to thank Spencer Jones the 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:44,149 we'd like to thank Spencer Jones the author of the book from Boer War to 00:27:44,149 --> 00:27:44,159 author of the book from Boer War to 00:27:44,159 --> 00:27:46,070 author of the book from Boer War to World War for his help with this episode 00:27:46,070 --> 00:27:46,080 World War for his help with this episode 00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:48,769 World War for his help with this episode and we'd like to thank Tanya for helping 00:27:48,769 --> 00:27:48,779 and we'd like to thank Tanya for helping 00:27:48,779 --> 00:27:50,710 and we'd like to thank Tanya for helping me wrestle with Afrikaans pronunciation 00:27:50,710 --> 00:27:50,720 me wrestle with Afrikaans pronunciation 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:53,570 me wrestle with Afrikaans pronunciation as usual you can find all our sources 00:27:53,570 --> 00:27:53,580 as usual you can find all our sources 00:27:53,580 --> 00:27:54,950 as usual you can find all our sources for this episode in the video 00:27:54,950 --> 00:27:54,960 for this episode in the video 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:57,950 for this episode in the video description I'm Jesse Alexander and this 00:27:57,950 --> 00:27:57,960 description I'm Jesse Alexander and this 00:27:57,960 --> 00:27:59,690 description I'm Jesse Alexander and this is the Great War a production of 00:27:59,690 --> 00:27:59,700 is the Great War a production of 00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:01,730 is the Great War a production of real-time history and the only YouTube 00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:01,740 real-time history and the only YouTube 00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:03,769 real-time history and the only YouTube History Channel that still thinks 00:28:03,769 --> 00:28:03,779 History Channel that still thinks 00:28:03,779 --> 00:28:06,409 History Channel that still thinks armored trains are really cool even if 00:28:06,409 --> 00:28:06,419 armored trains are really cool even if 00:28:06,419 --> 00:28:11,570 armored trains are really cool even if Winston Churchill disagrees 00:28:11,570 --> 00:28:11,580 00:28:11,580 --> 00:28:17,269 thank you 00:28:17,269 --> 00:28:17,279 00:28:17,279 --> 00:28:26,210 foreign 00:28:26,210 --> 00:28:26,220 00:28:26,220 --> 00:28:28,940 foreign